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Hymenoptera is a large order of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. Over 150,000 living species of Hymenoptera have been described, in addition to over 2,000 extinct ones. Many of the species are parasitic. Females typically have a special ovipositor for inserting eggs into hosts or places that are otherwise inaccessible. This ovipositor is often modified into a stinger. The young develop through holometabolism —that is, they have a wormlike larval stage and an inactive pupal stage before they mature.
The Braconidae are a family of parasitoid wasps. After the closely related Ichneumonidae, braconids make up the second-largest family in the order Hymenoptera, with about 17,000 recognized species and many thousands more undescribed. One analysis estimated a total between 30,000 and 50,000, and another provided a narrower estimate between 42,000 and 43,000 species.
The Aphidiinae are a subfamily of tiny parasitoid wasps that use aphids as their hosts. Several species have been used in biological control programs of various aphids.
Microgastrinae is a subfamily of braconid wasps, encompassing almost 3,000 described species, with an estimated 30,000–50,000 total species. This makes it one of the richest subfamilies with the most species of parasitoid wasps.
Agathidinae is a subfamily of braconid parasitoid wasps. Some species have been used in biological control programs.
Eprhopalotus is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae. Their distribution varies between species but ranges from Costa Rica, Mexico to Texas. There are currently 5 species of Eprhopalotus:
John Frederick Perkins FRES was an English entomologist. He was the son of Zoë Lucy Sherrard Alatau and Robert Cyril Layton Perkins, also a hymenopterist. He was first educated at Newton College (Devon) and graduated with a First class Honours degree from the Imperial College of Science and Technology in 1932. In 1933, he was appointed an Assistant Keeper in the Department of Entomology British Museum where he specialised in Hymenoptera.
Trypoxylon is a genus of wasps in the family Crabronidae. All Trypoxylon species that have been studied so far are active hunters of spiders, which they paralyse with a venomous sting, to provide as food to their developing larvae. Depending on the species, they will either construct their own nest from mud or find cavities that already exist. These cavities can range from keyholes to nail holes to previously abandoned nests, and are generally sealed with mud to create cells for their larvae.
Anthony Watsham FRES was a member of the Society of Jesus, a Catholic priest, and a noted entomologist. He spent more time at St Ignatius College to the time he died. He was made an honorary lifetime member of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa in 2001, and was also a Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society in England.
Telenominae is a subfamily of parasitoid wasps in the family Scelionidae. It was previously considered a subfamily of Platygastridae.
Zdeněk Bouček was a Czech entomologist specialising in the Chalcidoidea superfamily of the Hymenoptera. With Marcus Graham and Richard Askew, Bouček was one of the most important workers studying this large and diverse group in the second half of the Twentieth Century and these three laid the foundations of the modern systematics of the chalcid wasps.
AdeliiniViereck, 1918 is a tribe of braconid parasitoid wasps within the subfamily Cheloninae. Until 2016, Adeliini was classified as a separate subfamily, the Adeliinae. However, the name Adeliini Kirby, 1828 for a tribe of beetles has priority, and Adeliini Viereck, 1918 is a junior homonym.
The Macrocentrinae are a subfamily of braconid parasitic wasps. Several species have been used in biological control programs.
Apozyx is a genus of braconid parasitic wasps with only one species, Apozyx penyai. It is the only genus in the subfamily Apozyginae. This subfamily was originally proposed as a separate family by Mason in 1978.
The Cardiochilinae are a subfamily of braconid parasitoid wasps. This subfamily has been treated as a tribe of Microgastrinae in the past. Some species including Toxoneuron nigriceps have been used in biocontrol programs.
Aerophilus is a genus of parasitoid wasps belonging to the family Braconidae. As members of the subfamily Agathidinae, they are koinobiont endoparasitoids of caterpillars. The host is attacked as an early instar, but not consumed and killed until the host is about to pupate. Nearly all species of Aerophilus have a narrow host range, attacking only one caterpillar species. However, the host range of the genus as a whole is quite broad, including many families of Lepidoptera.
The Ichneutinae are a subfamily of braconid parasitoid wasps.
Teleasinae is a subfamily of parasitoid wasps in the family Scelionidae. It was previously considered a subfamily of Platygastridae.
Lytopylus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae. As members of the subfamily Agathidinae, they are koinobiont endoparasitoids of caterpillars. This genus is primarily found in the neotropics, but ranges from the northeastern United States to Argentina. There are 39 species of Lytopylus, and many more undescribed.
Helconinae is a subfamily of braconid wasps in the family Braconidae. This is a large subfamily with many changes to classification and included groups over the years. There are about 40 genera worldwide in this subfamily.
References
- 1 2 "International Society of Hymenopterists". Hymenopterists.org. 1982-12-02. Retrieved 2012-01-15.
