Iomud

Iomud

Photograph from 1904
Other names	Yomood Jomud Yomud Yamut Yamud Russian: Iomudskaya
Country of origin	Turkmenistan
Traits
Height	Male: 152 cm [1] Female: 149 cm [1]
Notes
Conservation status: FAO (2007): not at risk [2]
Equus ferus caballus

The Iomud is a breed of light horse from Turkmenistan. Like other breeds of Turkmen horse, it is named for the Turkmen tribe that bred it, the Iomud. ^[3] Both the name of the horse and the name of the Turkmen clan may be spelt in many ways, including Iomud, Yomud, Yamud and Yomut. The Iomud horse is raised in Turkmenistan, particularly in the velayat of Daşoguz; in Uzbekistan; in Karakalpakstan (now part of Uzbekistan), particularly in the Khwarezm region; and in Iraq, Iran and Turkey. ^{[3] : 30} Unlike the Akhal-Teke, it usually kept in herds in desert or semi-desert areas. ^{[4] : 297}

History

Like other breeds of Turkmen horse – including the Akhal-Teke, the Ersari, the Goklan, the Salor and the Sarik – the Iomud breed is named for the Turkmen tribe that formed it, the Yomut. ^[5] The Yomut people occupy the northern part of modern Turkmenistan, from the eastern shores of the Caspian Sea in the west to the area of Daşoguz, on the northern edge of the Karakum Desert, in the north-east. They are principally concentrated in the regions of Balkan and Daşoguz, ^{[3] : 30} which are considered the area of origin of the Iomud. ^{[4] : 297}

The early history of the Iomud breed, like that of Turkmen horses in general, is not clear. The qualities of Turkmen horses, and the differences between the various breeds, were recognised by western travellers in the area in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. ^[5] Clement Augustus de Bode wrote in 1848 that the Tekke horses had the best endurance, and were preferred to pure-bred Arabs, while the Iomud and the Goklan were faster and more lightly built. ^[6]

In the twentieth century, numbers of the Iomud breed declined. In 1980, in the Soviet era, the total number was recorded as 964, of which 616 were considered pure-bred. In 1983 stud farms were set up with the aim of increasing the number of breeding mares from 140 to about 250. A conservation farm was also established in the Gyzyletrek district, in south-west Turkmenistan. ^{[4] : 297}

The Iomud contributed significantly to the development of the Lokai breed in Tajikistan. ^{[7] : 88}

Characteristics

Iomud horses have remarkable endurance. According to local information collected in 1937, they could cover the 800 km from Daşoguz to Etrek in seven days. They can carry 120 kg without difficulty in mountain or desert terrain. ^{[3] : 31}

Iomud horses are usually grey or chestnut; golden chestnut and black can occur. Stallions stand about 152 cm (15 hands ), mares a little less. Thoracic circumference (girth) is about 168 cm, cannon bone measurement about 19 cm. The profile is straight or slightly convex, the legs fine and often bowed; the mane and tail are sparse, and the skin is delicate. ^{[4] : 297}

References

1. Breed data sheet: Yomood/Turkmenistan. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed October 2014.
2. Barbara Rischkowsky, D. Pilling (eds.) (2007). List of breeds documented in the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources, annex to The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN   9789251057629. Accessed October 2014.
3. Ali Abbas Çınar (2001). Türkmen Atı Ve Atçılığı = Turkmen Horses and Equine Culture (in Turkish and English). Istanbul: Rota Matbaacılık. ISBN   9789759581114.
4. N.G. Dmitriev, L.K. Ernst (1989). Animal genetic resources of the USSR. FAO animal production and health paper 65. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN   9251025827. Archived 13 November 2009. Also available here, archived 29 September 2017.
5. Ruth I. Meserve (1990). Some Remarks on the Turkmen Horse; in: Denis Sinor, (1990). Aspects of Altaic civilization III: proceedings of the thirtieth meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, June 19–25, 1987. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies. pages 127–141.
6. Clement Augustus de Bode (1848). On the Yamud and Goklan Tribes of Turkomania. Journal of the Ethnological Society of London1 (1848): 60–78. doi:10.2307/3014078. (subscription required).
7. Elwyn Hartley Edwards (1994). The Encyclopedia of the Horse. London; New York; Stuttgart; Moscow: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN   0751301159.