Intermediate System to Intermediate System is a routing protocol designed to move information efficiently within a computer network, a group of physically connected computers or similar devices. It accomplishes this by determining the best route for data through a packet-switched network.
The Internet backbone may be defined by the principal data routes between large, strategically interconnected computer networks and core routers on the Internet.
A Tier 1 network is an Internet Protocol (IP) network that can reach every other network on the Internet solely via settlement-free interconnection. Tier 1 networks can exchange traffic with other Tier 1 networks without having to pay any fees for the exchange of traffic in either direction, while some Tier 2 networks and all Tier 3 networks must pay to transmit traffic on other networks.
The National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) was a program of coordinated, evolving projects sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) beginning in 1985 to promote advanced research and education networking in the United States. NSFNET was also the name given to several nationwide backbone computer networks that were constructed to support NSF's networking initiatives from 1985 to 1995. Initially created to link researchers to the nation's NSF-funded supercomputing centers, through further public funding and private industry partnerships it developed into a major part of the Internet backbone.
The National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI) is a government non-profit company established in 2003 to provide neutral Internet Exchange Point services in India. It was established under section 8 of the Companies Act 2013, with the Internet Service Providers Association of India (ISPAI) to become the operational meeting point of Internet service providers (ISPs) in India. It was registered on 19 July 2003. Its main purpose is to facilitate the handing over of domestic Internet traffic between the peering ISP members, rather than using servers in the United States or elsewhere. This enables more efficient use of international bandwidth and saves foreign exchange. It also improves the Quality of Services for the customers of member ISPs, by being able to avoid multiple international hops and thus lowering delays and better latency. Utilising servers routed through, and administered by India also reduces the chances of Indian data being intercepted unlawfully by the NSA and the GCHQ. NIXI is managed and operated on a neutral basis and currently has seven operational NOC located in Delhi (Noida), Mumbai (Vashi), Chennai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad.
Internet transit is the service of allowing network traffic to cross or "transit" a computer network, usually used to connect a smaller Internet service provider (ISP) to the larger Internet. Technically, it consists of two bundled services:
The Cairo Regional Internet Exchange (CRIX) is an Internet Exchange Point which was formed in Cairo, Egypt by a joint venture between the National Telecom Company (NTC) and its subsidiary ECC Solutions along with the Indian FLAG Telecom. The exchange was officially inaugurated in Cairo on December 18, 2002 by the then Minister of Communications & Information Technology, later Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif.
The Ghana Internet eXchange (GIX) is an Internet exchange point which serves Internet traffic in Ghana. GIX allows local Internet service providers and network operators to easily exchange traffic within Ghana, while improving connectivity and services for their customers. GIX was officially launched on October 18, 2005 at the Ghana-India Kofi Annan Centre of Excellence in ICT.
The Toronto Internet Exchange Community (TorIX) is a not-for-profit Internet Exchange Point (IXP) located in a carrier hotel at 151 Front Street West, Equinix's TR2 data centre at 45 Parliament Street and 905 King Street West in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. As of February 2019, TorIX has 250 members and peak traffic rates of 628 Gbit/s, making it the largest IXP in Canada. According to Wikipedia's List of Internet Exchange Points by Size, TorIX is the 18th largest IXP in the world in numbers of peers, and 18th in the world in traffic averages. The Exchange is organized and run by industry professionals in voluntary capacity.
The Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX) was an early interexchange point that allowed the free exchange of TCP/IP traffic, including commercial traffic, between ISPs. It was an important initial effort toward creating the commercial Internet that we know today
The Indonesia Internet Exchange (IIX) is the national interconnection point for Internet Service Providers in Indonesia. Launched in August 1997, the IIX is operated by the Indonesian Internet Service Providers Association (APJII).
The Greek Internet Exchange (GR-IX) is an Internet exchange point located in Athens and Thessaloniki in Greece. It was founded in 2009 in order to replace the Athens Internet Exchange as the principal Internet Exchange Point in Greece, which was achieved in January 2010. GR-IX is non-profit, independent and is supervised by the Greek Research and Technology Network (GRNET). GR-IX is a member of the European Internet Exchange Association.
The Israel InterUniversity Computation Center (IUCC), implements, operates and maintains the national research and education network (NREN) of Israel.
Grenoble Internet eXchange or GrenoblIX is the Internet eXchange point (IXP) of Grenoble in Isère and Auvergne – Rhône-Alpes region. GrenoblIX allows to the connected members to exchange the traffic in order to avoid passing by faraway infrastructures. This Internet eXchange point is managed by the non-profit organization Rezopole, founded in 2001.
Mumbai Internet Exchange is a Mumbai-based Internet exchange point (IXP) founded in 15 August 2014 as Mumbai Convergence Hub is an Open Carrier Neutral Internet Exchange & Peering Hub. As of 30 January 2019 it interconnects more than 160 members, making it the largest IXP in India and surrounding region.
