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The Haitian Revolution was a successful insurrection by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now the sovereign state of Haiti. The revolt began on 22 August 1791, and ended in 1804 with the former colony's independence. It involved black, biracial, French, Spanish, British, and Polish participants—with the ex-slave Toussaint Louverture emerging as Haiti's most charismatic hero. The revolution was the only slave uprising that led to the founding of a state which was both free from slavery, and ruled by non-whites and former captives. It is now widely seen as a defining moment in the history of the Atlantic World.
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The 1804 Haiti massacre was carried out against the French population and French Creoles remaining in Haiti following the Haitian Revolution, by soldiers, mostly former slaves, under orders from Jean-Jacques Dessalines. He had decreed that all suspected of conspiring in the acts of the expelled army should be put to death. From early January 1804 until 22 April 1804, squads of soldiers moved from house to house throughout Haiti, torturing and killing entire families. Between 3,000 and 5,000 people were killed.
Slavery in Haiti started after the arrival of Christopher Columbus on the island in 1492 with the European colonists that followed from Portugal, Spain and France. The practice was devastating to the native population. Following the indigenous Tainos' near decimation from forced labor, disease and war, the Spanish, under advisement of the Catholic priest Bartolomé de las Casas and with the blessing of the Catholic church, began engaging in earnest in the 1600s in the kidnapping and forced labor of enslaved Africans. During the French colonial period, beginning in 1625, the economy of Haiti was based on slavery, and the practice there was regarded as the most brutal in the world. The Haitian Revolution of 1804, the only successful slave revolt in human history, precipitated the end of slavery not only in Saint-Domingue, but in all French colonies. However, this revolt has only merited a marginal role in the histories of Portuguese and Spanish America. Moreover, it is to this rebellion in Haiti that the struggle for independence in Latin American can be traced to. However, several Haitian leaders following the revolution employed forced labor, believing a plantation-style economy was the only way for Haiti to succeed, and building fortifications to safeguard against attack by the French. During the U.S. occupation between 1915 and 1934, the U.S. military forced Haitians to work building roads for defense against Haitian resistance fighters.
During the Haitian Revolution (1791–1804), Haitian women of all social positions participated in the revolt that successfully ousted French colonial power from the island. In spite of their various important roles in the Haitian Revolution, women revolutionaries have rarely been included within historical and literary narratives of the slave revolts. However, in recent years extensive academic research has been dedicated to their part in the revolution.
In 1791, the enslaved Africans of Saint-Domingue began the Haitian Revolution, aimed at the overthrow of the colonial regime.
References
- 1 2 Ramsey, Kate (30 April 2011). The Spirits and the Law: Vodou and Power in Haiti. University of Chicago Press. pp. 282–. ISBN 978-0-226-70379-4 . Retrieved 3 July 2011.
- ↑ Théodat, Jean-Marie Dulix (2003). Haïti république dominicaine: une île pour deux, 1804-1916 (in French). Katrthala Editions. pp. 148–. ISBN 978-2-84586-379-8 . Retrieved 3 July 2011.
- ↑ Nicholls, David (1985). Haiti in Caribbean context: ethnicity, economy and revolt. Macmillan in association with St. Antony's College Oxford. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-333-29083-5 . Retrieved 3 July 2011.
- ↑ Fick, Carolyn E. (1990). The making of Haïti: the Saint Domingue revolution from below. Univ. of Tennessee Press. pp. 225, 230, 233–35–. ISBN 978-0-87049-667-7 . Retrieved 3 July 2011.
- ↑ Blackburn, Robin (1988). The overthrow of colonial slavery, 1776-1848 . Verso. pp. 254–. ISBN 978-0-86091-901-8 . Retrieved 3 July 2011.
- ↑ Girard, Philippe (14 September 2010). Haiti: The Tumultuous History--From Pearl of the Caribbean to Broken Nation. Macmillan. pp. 66–. ISBN 978-0-230-10661-1 . Retrieved 3 July 2011.
- ↑ Lefebvre, Claire (1998). Creole genesis and the acquisition of grammar: the case of Haitian creole. Cambridge University Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-521-59382-3 . Retrieved 2 July 2011.
- 1 2 Mackenzie, Charles (1830). Notes on Haiti: made during a residence in that republic. H. Colburn and R. Bentley. pp. 79, 81–. Retrieved 3 July 2011.