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Political science is the scientific study of politics. It is a social science dealing with systems of governance and power, and the analysis of political activities, political thought, political behavior, and associated constitutions and laws.
Genocide denial is the attempt to deny or minimize the scale and severity of an instance of genocide. Denial is an integral part of genocide and includes the secret planning of genocide, propaganda while the genocide is going on, and destruction of evidence of mass killings. According to genocide researcher Gregory Stanton, denial "is among the surest indicators of further genocidal massacres".
The Rwandan Patriotic Front is the ruling political party in Rwanda. Led by President Paul Kagame, the party has governed the country since its armed wing defeated government forces, winning the Rwandan Civil War in 1994.
Guenter Lewy is a German-born American author and political scientist who is a professor emeritus of political science at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. His works span several topics, but he is most often associated with his 1978 book on the Vietnam War, America in Vietnam, and several controversial works that deal with the applicability of the term genocide to various historical events, where Lewy denies both the Romani genocide and the Armenian genocide.
Denaturalization is the loss of citizenship against the will of the person concerned. Denaturalization is often applied to ethnic minorities and political dissidents. Denaturalization can be a penalty for actions considered criminal by the state, often only for errors in the naturalization process such as fraud. Since the 9/11 attacks, the denaturalization of people accused of terrorism has increased. Because of the right to nationality, recognized by multiple international treaties including Article 15 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, denaturalization is often considered a human rights violation.
Leo Kuper was a South African sociologist specialising in the study of genocide.
Communism is a left-wing to far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange that allocates products to everyone in the society based on need. A communist society would entail the absence of private property and social classes, and ultimately money and the state.
Mass killings under communist regimes occurred through a variety of means during the 20th century, including executions, famine, deaths through forced labour, deportation, starvation, and imprisonment. Some of these events have been classified as genocides or crimes against humanity. Other terms have been used to describe these events, including classicide, democide, red holocaust, and politicide. The mass killings have been studied by authors and academics and several of them have postulated the potential causes of these killings along with the factors which were associated with them. Some authors have tabulated a total death toll, consisting of all of the excess deaths which cumulatively occurred under the rule of communist states, but these death toll estimates have been criticized. Most frequently, the states and events which are studied and included in death toll estimates are the Holodomor and the Great Purge in the Soviet Union, the Great Chinese Famine and the Cultural Revolution in the People's Republic of China, and the Cambodian genocide in Democratic Kampuchea.
Rwandan genocide denial is the assertion that the Rwandan genocide did not occur, specifically rejection of the scholarly consensus that Rwandan Tutsis were the victims of genocide between 7 April and 15 July 1994. The perpetrators, a small minority of other Hutu, and a fringe of Western writers dispute that reality.
The German term Unrechtsstaat is a pejorative approximately meaning "unconstitutional, unjust, undemocratic or unlawful state" used to refer to a state in which the exercise of major aspects of governmental power is not constrained by the law, as opposed to a Rechtsstaat. It is used not only as a jurisprudential term but also as a political one. The origin of the term is attributed to the Prussian Catholic politician Peter Reichensperger, who in 1853 used the term to imply that Prussia would become "unjust" if it curtailed the rights of its Catholic subjects.
Settler colonialism occurs when colonizers invade and occupy territory to permanently replace the existing society with the society of the colonizers.
Anthony Dirk Moses is an Australian scholar who researches various aspects of genocide. In 2022 he became the Anne and Bernard Spitzer Professor of Political Science at the City College of New York, after having been the Frank Porter Graham Distinguished Professor of Global Human Rights History at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He is a leading scholar of genocide, especially in colonial contexts, as well as of the political development of the concept itself. He is known for coining the term racial century in reference to the period 1850–1950. He is editor-in-chief of the Journal of Genocide Research.
Geoffrey P. Megargee was an American historian and author who specialized in World War II military history and the history of the Holocaust. He served as the project director and editor-in-chief for the Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 produced by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Megargee's work on the German High Command won the 2001 Distinguished Book Award from the Society for Military History.
Incitement to genocide is a crime under international law which prohibits inciting (encouraging) the commission of genocide. An extreme form of hate speech, incitement to genocide is an inchoate offense and is theoretically subject to prosecution even if genocide does not occur, although charges have never been brought in an international court without mass violence having occurred. "Direct and public incitement to commit genocide" was forbidden by the Genocide Convention in 1948. Incitement to genocide is often cloaked in metaphor and euphemism and may take many forms beyond direct advocacy, including dehumanization and accusation in a mirror.
Michael Bazyler is an American professor of law and 1939 Society Law Scholar in Holocaust and Human Rights Studies at Chapman University. He previously taught at Whittier Law School. His book Holocaust Justice: The Battle for Restitution in America’s Courts was cited by the United States Supreme Court while Holocaust, Genocide, and the Law was a 2016 Jewish Book Council winner.
Genocide justification is the claim that a genocide is morally excusable/defensible, necessary, and/or sanctioned by law. Genocide justification differs from genocide denial, which is the attempt to reject the occurrence of genocide. Perpetrators often claim that genocide victims presented a serious threat, justifying their actions by stating it was legitimate self-defense of a nation or state. According to modern international criminal law, there can be no excuse for genocide. Genocide is often camouflaged as military activity against combatants, and the distinction between denial and justification is often blurred.
Susan Michelle Thomson is a Canadian human rights lawyer and professor of peace and conflict studies at Colgate University. She worked in Rwanda for years in various capacities and is known for her books focusing on the post-genocide history of the country, which have received good reviews. Although she initially supported the ruling Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), Thomson later reevaluated her position.
War and genocide studies is an interdisciplinary subject that identifies and analyzes the relationship between war and genocide, as well as the structural foundations of associated conflicts. Disciplines involved may include political science, geography, economics, sociology, international relations, and history.
This is a select annotated bibliography of scholarly English language books and journal articles about the subject of genocide studies; for bibliographies of genocidal acts or events, please see the See also section for individual articles. A brief selection of English translations of primary sources is included for items related to the development of genocide studies. Book entries may have references to journal articles and reviews as annotations. Additional bibliographies can be found in many of the book-length works listed below; see Further Reading for several book and chapter-length bibliographies. The External links section contains entries for publicly available materials on the development of genocide studies.
The dual state is a model in which the functioning of a state is divided into a normative state, which operates according to set rules and regulations, and a prerogative state, "which exercises unlimited arbitrariness and violence unchecked by any legal guarantees". It was invented by Ernst Fraenkel to describe the functioning of the Nazi state especially law in Nazi Germany. Although it was originally intended as an analysis of authoritarian states, some elements of the prerogative state are present in democracies. The model has also been applied to other states such as Israel, the United States, South Africa, Fascist Italy, twenty-first century China and Russia.
References
- ↑ Science, London School of Economics and Political. "Jens Meierhenrich". London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
- ↑ Penna, David (2010). "Jens Meierhenrich. The Legacies of Law: Long-Run Consequences of Legal Development in South Africa, 1652–2000. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. xvii + 385 pp. Figures. Tables. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $90.00. Cloth". African Studies Review. 53 (1): 201–202. doi:10.1353/arw.0.0325. S2CID 142830004.
- ↑ Hein, Patrick (2016). "Book Review: Jens Meierhenrich (ed.), Genocide: A Reader". Political Studies Review. 14 (2): 278–279. doi:10.1177/1478929916630917i. S2CID 147873523.
- ↑ Lancaster, Guy (2016). "Genocide : A Reader by Jens Meierhenrich (Ed.): Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014". Human Rights Review. 17 (2): 281–283. doi:10.1007/s12142-016-0406-6. S2CID 147590124.
- ↑ Levi, Ron (2019). "The Remnants of the Rechtsstaat: An Ethnography of Nazi Law. By JensMeierhenrich. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018". Law & Society Review. 53 (2): 626–628. doi:10.1111/lasr.12409.
- ↑ Rottleuthner, Hubert (2020). "The remnants of the Rechtsstaat: an ethnography of Nazi law: by Jens Meierhenrich, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2018, 448 pp, £48 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-19881-441-2". Jurisprudence. 11 (3): 476–482. doi:10.1080/20403313.2020.1807786. S2CID 225228756.
- ↑ Graver, Hans Petter (2020). "Jens Meierhenrich's, The Remnants of the Rechtsstaat: An Ethnography of Nazi Law". German Law Journal. 21 (4): 739–742. doi: 10.1017/glj.2020.43 . hdl: 10852/84991 .
- ↑ Says, Jackl (25 July 2018). "Book Review: The Remnants of the Rechtsstaat: An Ethnography of Nazi Law by Jens Meierhenrich". LSE Review of Books. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
- ↑ Weinke, Annette (2020). "Jens Meierhenrich. The Remnants of the Rechtsstaat: An Ethnography of Nazi Law". The American Historical Review. 125 (4): 1533–1534. doi:10.1093/ahr/rhz945.