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Media bias occurs when journalists and news producers show bias in how they report and cover news. The term "media bias" implies a pervasive or widespread bias contravening of the standards of journalism, rather than the perspective of an individual journalist or article. The direction and degree of media bias in various countries is widely disputed.
Political science is the scientific study of politics. It is a social science dealing with systems of governance and power, and the analysis of political activities, political thought, political behavior, and associated constitutions and laws.
Totalitarianism is a political system and a form of government that prohibits opposition political parties, disregards and outlaws the political claims of individual and group opposition to the state, and controls the public sphere and the private sphere of society. In the field of political science, totalitarianism is the extreme form of authoritarianism, wherein all socio-political power is held by a dictator, who also controls the national politics and the peoples of the nation with continual propaganda campaigns that are broadcast by state-controlled and by friendly private mass communications media.
Carl Schmitt was a German jurist, political theorist, geopolitician and prominent member of the Nazi Party.
Comparative politics is a field in political science characterized either by the use of the comparative method or other empirical methods to explore politics both within and between countries. Substantively, this can include questions relating to political institutions, political behavior, conflict, and the causes and consequences of economic development. When applied to specific fields of study, comparative politics may be referred to by other names, such as comparative government.
Immigration is the international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not usual residents or where they do not possess nationality in order to settle as permanent residents. Commuters, tourists, and other short-term stays in a destination country do not fall under the definition of immigration or migration; seasonal labour immigration is sometimes included, however.
Mass killings under communist regimes occurred through a variety of means during the 20th century, including executions, famine, deaths through forced labour, deportation, starvation, and imprisonment. Some of these events have been classified as genocides or crimes against humanity. Other terms have been used to describe these events, including classicide, democide, red holocaust, and politicide. The mass killings have been studied by authors and academics and several of them have postulated the potential causes of these killings along with the factors which were associated with them. Some authors have tabulated a total death toll, consisting of all of the excess deaths which cumulatively occurred under the rule of communist states, but these death toll estimates have been criticized. Most frequently, the states and events which are studied and included in death toll estimates are the Holodomor and the Great Purge in the Soviet Union, the Great Chinese Famine and the Cultural Revolution in the People's Republic of China, and the Cambodian genocide in Democratic Kampuchea.
Rwandan genocide denial is the pseudohistorical assertion that the Rwandan genocide did not occur, specifically rejection of the scholarly consensus that Rwandan Tutsis were the victims of genocide between 7 April and 19 July 1994. The perpetrators, a small minority of other Hutu, and a fringe of Western writers dispute that reality.
Settler colonialism occurs when colonizers and settlers invade and occupy territory to permanently replace the existing society with the society of the colonizers.
Marc David Baer is an historian and professor of International History at the London School of Economics and Political Science.
Anthony Dirk Moses is an Australian scholar who researches various aspects of genocide. In 2022 he became the Anne and Bernard Spitzer Professor of Political Science at the City College of New York, after having been the Frank Porter Graham Distinguished Professor of Global Human Rights History at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He is a leading scholar of genocide, especially in colonial contexts, as well as of the political development of the concept itself. He is known for coining the term racial century in reference to the period 1850–1950. He is editor-in-chief of the Journal of Genocide Research.
Peter F. Hayes is professor emeritus of history at the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, and chair of the Academic Committee of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
Genocide justification is the claim that a genocide is morally excusable/defensible, necessary, and/or sanctioned by law. Genocide justification differs from genocide denial, which is the attempt to reject the occurrence of genocide. Perpetrators often claim that genocide victims presented a serious threat, justifying their actions by stating it was legitimate self-defense of a nation or state. According to modern international criminal law, there can be no excuse for genocide. Genocide is often camouflaged as military activity against combatants, and the distinction between denial and justification is often blurred.
War and genocide studies is an interdisciplinary subject that identifies and analyzes the relationship between war and genocide, as well as the structural foundations of associated conflicts. Disciplines involved may include political science, geography, economics, sociology, international relations, and history.
Nimer Sultany is a Palestinian citizen of Israel, the author of two books on the situation of Palestinian citizens of that country, and a work on constitutional theory and Arab countries. He is a regular contributor to The Guardian and Jadaliyya.
Edward B. Westermann is a regents professor of history at Texas A&M University–San Antonio.
This is a select annotated bibliography of scholarly English language books and journal articles about the subject of genocide studies; for bibliographies of genocidal acts or events, please see the See also section for individual articles. A brief selection of English translations of primary sources is included for items related to the development of genocide studies. Book entries may have references to journal articles and reviews as annotations. Additional bibliographies can be found in many of the book-length works listed below; see Further Reading for several book and chapter-length bibliographies. The External links section contains entries for publicly available materials on the development of genocide studies.
The dual state is a model in which the functioning of a state is divided into a normative state, which operates according to set rules and regulations, and a prerogative state, "which exercises unlimited arbitrariness and violence unchecked by any legal guarantees". It was invented by Ernst Fraenkel to describe the functioning of the Nazi state especially law in Nazi Germany. Although it was originally intended as an analysis of authoritarian states, some elements of the prerogative state are present in democracies. The model has also been applied to other states such as Israel, the United States, South Africa, Fascist Italy, twenty-first century China and Russia.
The Oxford Handbook of Carl Schmitt is a 2017 book about the legal scholar and political philosopher Carl Schmitt, edited by Jens Meierhenrich and Oliver Simons for Oxford University Press and its Oxford Handbooks series. It consists of 30 texts written by scholars, intended to provide "an improved understanding of the political, legal, and cultural thought of this most infamous German theorist".
References
- ↑ Science, London School of Economics and Political. "Jens Meierhenrich". London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
- ↑ Penna, David (2010). "Jens Meierhenrich. The Legacies of Law: Long-Run Consequences of Legal Development in South Africa, 1652–2000. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. xvii + 385 pp. Figures. Tables. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $90.00. Cloth". African Studies Review. 53 (1): 201–202. doi:10.1353/arw.0.0325. S2CID 142830004.
- ↑ Hein, Patrick (2016). "Book Review: Jens Meierhenrich (ed.), Genocide: A Reader". Political Studies Review. 14 (2): 278–279. doi:10.1177/1478929916630917i. S2CID 147873523.
- ↑ Lancaster, Guy (2016). "Genocide : A Reader by Jens Meierhenrich (Ed.): Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014". Human Rights Review. 17 (2): 281–283. doi:10.1007/s12142-016-0406-6. S2CID 147590124.
- ↑ Qvortrup, Matt (2018). "Book Review: Jens Meierhenrich and Oliver Simons (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Carl Schmitt". Political Studies Review . 16 (1). doi:10.1177/1478929917723877.
- ↑ Levi, Ron (2019). "The Remnants of the Rechtsstaat: An Ethnography of Nazi Law. By JensMeierhenrich. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018". Law & Society Review. 53 (2): 626–628. doi:10.1111/lasr.12409.
- ↑ Rottleuthner, Hubert (2020). "The remnants of the Rechtsstaat: an ethnography of Nazi law: by Jens Meierhenrich, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2018, 448 pp, £48 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-19881-441-2". Jurisprudence. 11 (3): 476–482. doi:10.1080/20403313.2020.1807786. S2CID 225228756.
- ↑ Graver, Hans Petter (2020). "Jens Meierhenrich's, The Remnants of the Rechtsstaat: An Ethnography of Nazi Law". German Law Journal. 21 (4): 739–742. doi: 10.1017/glj.2020.43 . hdl: 10852/84991 .
- ↑ Says, Jackl (25 July 2018). "Book Review: The Remnants of the Rechtsstaat: An Ethnography of Nazi Law by Jens Meierhenrich". LSE Review of Books. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
- ↑ Weinke, Annette (2020). "Jens Meierhenrich. The Remnants of the Rechtsstaat: An Ethnography of Nazi Law". The American Historical Review. 125 (4): 1533–1534. doi:10.1093/ahr/rhz945.