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The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was the principal channel of student commitment in the United States to the civil rights movement during the 1960s. Emerging in 1960 from the student-led sit-ins at segregated lunch counters in Greensboro, North Carolina, and Nashville, Tennessee, the Committee sought to coordinate and assist direct-action challenges to the civic segregation and political exclusion of African Americans. From 1962, with the support of the Voter Education Project, SNCC committed to the registration and mobilization of black voters in the Deep South. Affiliates such as the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party and the Lowndes County Freedom Organization in Alabama also worked to increase the pressure on federal and state government to enforce constitutional protections.
The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), also referred to as the Freedom Democratic Party, was an American political party created in 1964 as a branch of the populist Freedom Democratic organization in the state of Mississippi during the Civil Rights Movement. It was organized by African Americans and whites from Mississippi to challenge the established power of the Mississippi Democratic Party, which at the time allowed participation only by whites, when African-Americans made up 40% of the state population.
Fannie Lou Hamer was an American voting and women's rights activist, community organizer, and a leader in the civil rights movement. She was the co-founder and vice-chair of the Freedom Democratic Party, which she represented at the 1964 Democratic National Convention. Hamer also organized Mississippi's Freedom Summer along with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). She was also a co-founder of the National Women's Political Caucus, an organization created to recruit, train, and support women of all races who wish to seek election to government office.
Constance Baker Motley was an American jurist and politician, who served as a Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.
Mary Elizabeth King is a professor of Peace and Conflict Studies at the United Nations affiliated University for Peace, a political scientist, and author of several publications. She is a graduate of Ohio Wesleyan University and has a doctorate in international politics from Aberystwyth University. She is also a Fellow of the Rothermere American Institute and a distinguished Scholar at the American University Center for Global Peace in Washington D.C.
Anne McCarty Braden was an American civil rights activist, journalist, and educator dedicated to the cause of racial equality. She and her husband bought a suburban house for an African American couple during Jim Crow. White neighbors burned crosses and bombed the house. During McCarthyism, Anne was charged with sedition. She wrote and organized for the southern civil rights movement before violations became national news. Anne was among nation's most outspoken white anti-racist activists, organizing across racial divides in environmental, women's, and anti-nuclear movements.
Annie Bell Robinson Devine (1912–2000) was an American activist in the Civil Rights Movement.
Victoria Jackson Gray Adams was an American civil rights activist from Hattiesburg, Mississippi. She was one of the founding members of the influential Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party.
Matthew Jones was an African-American folk singer/songwriter known for being a field secretary of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and part of their The Freedom Singers in the 1960s.
Kay Mills was an American journalist and author. When she joined the Los Angeles Times in 1978 she became one of the first women on its editorial board.
Joan Trumpauer Mulholland is an American civil rights activist who was active in the 1960s. She was one of the Freedom Riders who was arrested in Jackson, Mississippi in 1961, and was confined for two months in the Maximum Security Unit of the Mississippi State Penitentiary. The following year she was the first white student to enroll at Tougaloo College in Jackson, Mississippi and served as the local secretary of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).
Robin Nicole Hamilton is an American journalist, writer, television host, and principal at "ARoundRobin Production Company". She has worked as a broadcast journalist in Florida, New York, Boston, Massachusetts, and Washington, D.C. She directed the 2015 documentary short film This Little Light of Mine: The Legacy of Fannie Hamer.
Euvester Simpson is an American voting rights activist and contributor to the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s. A Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) member at the age of 17, she helped blacks learn to read, write, and register to vote in Mississippi during the movement. She was an active member in the movement through its entirety. She was involved in the Winona, Mississippi bus incident.
This is a timeline of the civil rights movement in the United States, a nonviolent mid-20th century freedom movement to gain legal equality and the enforcement of constitutional rights for people of color. The goals of the movement included securing equal protection under the law, ending legally institutionalized racial discrimination, and gaining equal access to public facilities, education reform, fair housing, and the ability to vote.
Frances Freeborn Pauley was a southern civil rights activist in Georgia, who battled against racial injustice and discrimination throughout her life. Due to her actions in the civil rights movement, she led to the eventual desegregation and integration of African Americans in the south.
Dorie Ann Ladner is an American civil rights activist.
Freedom Farm Cooperative was an agricultural cooperative in Sunflower County, Mississippi, founded by American civil rights activist Fannie Lou Hamer in 1969 as a rural economic development and political organizing project. With a farm and a pig-raising program as well as an affordable housing development and financing, and a host of supplemental programs, the Freedom Farm Cooperative sought to create the conditions of self-sufficiency for African American farmers that alleviated poverty and remove the economic precarity white landowners used to prevent African American farmers from exercising in the political rights. Hamer founded the project after she was fired and evicted, leaving her penniless, for registering to vote in 1962.
African American women played a variety of important roles in the civil rights movement. They served as leaders, demonstrators, organizers, fundraisers, theorists, formed abolition and self-help societies. They also created and published newspapers, poems, and stories about how they are treated and it paved the way for the modern civil rights movement. They were judged by the color of their skin, as well as being discriminated against society because they are women. African American women faced two struggles, both sexism and racism. Womanism fully encompasses the intersectionality between these two social barriers, thus encompassing African American female involvement in the civil rights movement. African American women led organizations and struggles for their suffrage, anti-lynching laws, full employment and especially against the Jim Crow Laws. They had to constantly fight for equality and needed to have a voice in what they can do in society. Black women served a special role as "bridge leaders," forming connections between those in formal positions of power and political constituents. They were the middle person going back and forth between the two groups and provided information to them. A major turning point was the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955, which followed Rosa Park's bold move of not giving up her bus seat. Several notable African American female activists and organizations emerged from this movement, making essential gains in the civil rights agenda, despite restricted access to power and the Cold War atmosphere pushing for silence within the United States.
Constance Winifred Curry was an American civil rights activist, educator, and writer. A longtime opponent of racial discrimination, she was the first white woman to serve on the executive committee of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).
For Freedom's Sake: The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer is a non-fiction book by Chana Kai Lee, published in 1999 by University of Illinois Press.
References
- 1 2 "Full Resume – Joan Browning" . Retrieved 2022-10-22.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Lynne Olson (2001). Freedom's daughters. Internet Archive. Scribner. pp. 228–231, 404–405. ISBN 978-0-684-85012-2.
- ↑ Johnson, Rheta Grimsley (1996-01-14). "For rights pioneer, time marches, but convictions remain". The Atlanta Constitution. p. 41. Retrieved 2022-04-09.
- 1 2 "Civil rights experiences in the spotlight". Clarion-Ledger. 2002-04-20. p. 16. Retrieved 2022-06-01.
- ↑ Hollars, B. J. (2018). The road south : personal stories of the Freedom Riders. Tuscaloosa. ISBN 978-0-8173-9179-9. OCLC 1031468795.
- ↑ Hollars, B.J. (2021-10-15). "Democracy demands memory, action - just ask a Freedom Rider". Leader-Telegram. pp. , . Retrieved 2022-06-01.
- ↑ Browning, Joan C. (January 2022). "For Freedom's Sake: The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer". Alabama Review . 55 (1): 56–58 – via ProQuest.
- ↑ Reviews
- Garrow, David J. (2001). Curry, Constance; Browning, Joan C.; Burlage, Dorothy Dawson; Patch, Penny; Del Pozzo, Theresa; Thrasher, Sue; DeLott Baker, Elaine; Adams, Emmie Schrader; Hayden, Casey (eds.). "Requiem for a Dream". The Wilson Quarterly. 25 (2): 112–114. ISSN 0363-3276. JSTOR 40260195.
- Brownmiller, Susan (2001). Curry, Constance; Browning, Joan C. (eds.). "The Time of Their Lives". The Women's Review of Books. 18 (5): 20. doi:10.2307/4023605. ISSN 0738-1433. JSTOR 4023605.
- McCandless, Amy Thompson (2001). "Review of Deep in Our Hearts: Nine White Women in the Freedom Movement". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 85 (1): 170–172. ISSN 0016-8297. JSTOR 40584401.
- ↑ "Freedom rider slated to speak at Millsaps". The Northside Sun. 2002-04-25. p. 21. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
- ↑ "WVUToday Archive". wvutoday-archive.wvu.edu. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
