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Joan Jutta Lachkar, Ph.D., is a licensed marriage and family therapist in private practice in Tarzana, California.
Lachkar's main focus is the relationship between someone with narcissistic personality disorder and someone with a borderline personality disorder. Her first book on the subject was The Narcissistic/Borderline Couple: A Psychoanalytic Perspective on Marital Treatment, [1] in which she explores how partners form a parasitic bond and play out a drama of earlier conflictual experiences, characterized by their painful, circular patterns of behaviour. In the second edition, The Narcissistic/Borderline Couple: New Approaches to Marital Therapy, [2] Lachkar ventures to go beyond narcissistic and borderline couples to a mélange of many other dyadic configurations. She explains how each partner stirs some unresolved issue in the other and how each one identifies or over-identifies with the negative projections to the other. To describe this process, she coined term "dual projective identification", which is an expansion on Melanie Klein's projective identification.
Lachkar's publications on the relationship between a narcissistic and a borderline led her to analyze the differences in communicating with each. This analysis was expressed in her most recent work, How to Talk to a Narcissist, [3] and How to Talk to a Borderline, [4] in which she also describes eight different types of narcissists and eight different types of borderlines. In these last two books, Lachkar elaborated on Marsha M. Linehan's work with Dialectical Behavioral Therapy by developing the "Language of Dialectics," which is a concept used in the communication with various types of borderlines. [5] Parallel to this notion, Lachkar employed Heinz Kohut's work on self psychology to develop the "Language of Empathology," which is used in communicating with different types of narcissists. [6]
Dr. Lachkar has also published a few books focusing on the treatment of emotional abuse. She examined the origins and early warning signs of the psychological violation, introduced the typologies of the abuser and the abused, and explored the bases for their collusive attachments in The Many Faces of Abuse: Treating the Emotional Abuse of High -Functioning Women. [7] In The V-Spot: Healing the Vulnerable Spot from Emotional Abuse, Lachkar explores the healing process of the most sensitive area of emotional vulnerability. [8]
Dr. Lachkar continues to be a contributing author for the Journal of Psychohistory. A few of her publications include The Psychological Make-up of a Suicide Bomber [9] and The Psychopathology of Terrorism: A Cultural V spot. [10] Most of her articles analyze the psychology behind terrorism. She also writes many web-based articles on Middle Eastern Studies, included in online journals such as FrontPage Magazine and Family Security Matters.
Lloyd deMause was an American social thinker known for his work in the field of psychohistory. He did graduate work in political science at Columbia University and later trained as a lay psychoanalyst, which is defined as a psychoanalyst who does not have a medical degree. He is the founder of The Journal of Psychohistory.
Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) or megalomania is a personality disorder characterized by a long-term pattern of exaggerated feelings of self-importance, an excessive craving for admiration, and struggles with empathy. People with NPD often spend much time daydreaming about achieving power and success, and the perceived injustice of failing to do so. This is a pattern of obsessive thoughts and unstable sense of identity, often to cope with a sub-par real life. People with the diagnosis in recent years have spoken out about its stigma in media, and possible links to abusive situations and childhood trauma. Such narcissistic behavior typically begins by early adulthood, and occurs across a broad range of situations.
Otto Friedmann Kernberg is a psychoanalyst and professor of psychiatry at Weill Cornell Medical College. He is most widely known for his psychoanalytic theories on borderline personality organization and narcissistic pathology. In addition, his work has been central in integrating postwar ego psychology with Kleinian and other object relations perspectives. His integrative writings were central to the development of modern object relations, a theory of mind that is perhaps the theory most widely accepted among modern psychoanalysts.
Gaslighting is a form of psychological manipulation in which a person or a group covertly sows seeds of doubt in a targeted individual or group, making them question their own memory, perception, or judgement. It may evoke changes in them such as cognitive dissonance or low self-esteem, rendering the victim additionally dependent on the gaslighter for emotional support and validation. Using denial, misdirection, contradiction and disinformation, gaslighting involves attempts to destabilize the victim and delegitimize the victim's beliefs.
Narcissism is the pursuit of gratification from vanity or egotistic admiration of one's idealised self-image and attributes. The term originated from Greek mythology, where a young man named Narcissus fell in love with his own image reflected in a pool of water. Narcissism or pathological self-absorption was first identified as a disorder in 1898 by Havelock Ellis and featured in subsequent psychological models, e.g. in Freud's On Narcissism (1914). The American Psychiatric Association has listed the classification narcissistic personality disorder in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) since 1968, drawing on the historical concept of megalomania.
Malignant narcissism is a psychological syndrome comprising an extreme mix of narcissism, antisocial behavior, aggression, and sadism. Grandiose, and always ready to raise hostility levels, the malignant narcissist undermines families and organizations in which they are involved, and dehumanizes the people with whom they associate.
Hyman Spotnitz was an American psychoanalyst and psychiatrist who pioneered an approach to working psychoanalytically with patients with schizophrenia in the 1950s called modern psychoanalysis. He also was one of the pioneers of group therapy.
Splitting is the failure in a person's thinking to bring together the dichotomy of both positive and negative qualities of the self and others into a cohesive, realistic whole. It is a common defense mechanism. The individual tends to think in extremes.
Triangulation is a manipulation tactic where one person will not communicate directly with another person, instead using a third person to relay communication to the second, thus forming a triangle. It also refers to a form of splitting in which one person manipulates a relationship between two parties by controlling communication between them.
James F. Masterson was a prominent American psychiatrist.
Modern psychoanalysis is the term used by Hyman Spotnitz to describe the techniques he developed for the treatment of narcissistic disorders.
Narcissistic rage is a psychological construct that describes a reaction to narcissistic injury, which is conceptualized as a perceived threat to a narcissist's self-esteem or self-worth. Narcissistic injury is a phrase used by Sigmund Freud in the 1920s; narcissistic wound and narcissistic blow are further, almost interchangeable terms. The term narcissistic rage was coined by Heinz Kohut in 1972.
Robert D. Stolorow is a psychoanalyst and philosopher, known for his works on intersubjectivity theory, post-Cartesian psychoanalysis, and emotional trauma. Important books include: Faces in a Cloud, Structures of Subjectivity, Psychoanalytic Treatment: An Intersubjective Approach (1987), Contexts of Being (1992), Working Intersubjectively (1997), Worlds of Experience (2002), Trauma and Human Existence (2007), and World, Affectivity, Trauma: Heidegger and Post-Cartesian Psychoanalysis (2011).
Psychological manipulation is a type of social influence that aims to change the behavior or perception of others through indirect, deceptive, or underhanded tactics. By advancing the interests of the manipulator, often at another's expense, such methods could be considered exploitative and devious.
A narcissistic parent is a parent affected by narcissism or narcissistic personality disorder. Typically, narcissistic parents are exclusively and possessively close to their children and are threatened by their childrens growing independence. This results in a pattern of narcissistic attachment, with the parent considering that the child exists solely to fulfill the parent's needs and wishes. A narcissistic parent will often try to control their children with threats and emotional abuse. Narcissistic parenting adversely affects the psychological development of children, affecting their reasoning and their emotional, ethical, and societal behaviors and attitudes. Personal boundaries are often disregarded with the goal of molding and manipulating the child to satisfy the parent's expectations.
Schema therapy was developed by Jeffrey E. Young for use in treatment of personality disorders and chronic DSM Axis I disorders, such as when patients fail to respond or relapse after having been through other therapies. Schema therapy is an integrative psychotherapy combining theory and techniques from previously existing therapies, including cognitive behavioral therapy, psychoanalytic object relations theory, attachment theory, and Gestalt therapy.
Shmuel "Sam" Vaknin is an Israeli writer and professor of psychology. He is the author of Malignant Self Love: Narcissism Revisited (1999), was the last editor-in-chief of the now-defunct political news website Global Politician, and runs a private website about narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). He has also postulated a theory on chronons and time asymmetry.
In children, narcissistic withdrawal may be described as 'a form of omnipotent narcissism characterised by the turning away from parental figures and by the fantasy that essential needs can be satisfied by the individual alone'.
First used by Irish-American psychoanalytic psychiatrist Harry Stack Sullivan in the 1940s, Parataxical Integration refers to the mutual condition of parataxic distortions. Parataxical integration exists when two people, usually intimate with each other, are reciprocally reactive to each other’s seductions, judgmental inaccuracies, hostile comments, and manipulations or other "triggering" behaviors. One says or does something causing the other to react, setting off a cyclical "ping-pong", "tit-for-tat", "you-get-me-and-I-get-you-back" oscillation of verbal and/or behavioral reactions.
Vulnerable narcissism, also known as covert narcissism, is a form of narcissism mainly characterized by neuroticism, feelings of shame and introversion. Like grandiose narcissism, it is viewed as being one of the extremes on the scale of narcissism, both being classified as pathological. Although the DSM-5 diagnosis of Narcissistic Personality Disorder was based on the grandiose presentation, those with vulnerable narcissism can also be diagnosed with NPD since both share the same core characteristics, like sense of entitlement, self absorption, lack of emotional empathy, arrogance and attention seeking behavior. The Maladaptive Covert Narcissism Scale (MCNS) is often used to measure vulnerable narcissism where the criteria for assessing classic (overt) narcissism risk to lead to imprecise results.
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