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If mainstream dictionary definitions still reflect the assumption that literacy is an ability to read and write in at least one method of writing, contemporary literacy researchers and scholars hold that reading and writing are not abilities that can exist apart from particular contexts of use. Reading, in this view, is always reading something for some purpose; writing is always writing something for someone for some particular ends. As literacy theorist Brian Street explains, literacy is best understood as "particular ways of thinking about and doing reading and writing"
Whole language is an education method originally developed for teaching literacy in English to young children. The method became a major model for education in the United States, Canada, New Zealand, and Great Britain in the 1980s and 1990s despite there being no scientific support for the method's effectiveness. It is based on the premise that learning to read English comes naturally to humans, especially young children, in the same way that learning to speak develops naturally.
Phonics is a method for teaching people how to read and write an alphabetic language. It is done by demonstrating the relationship between the sounds of the spoken language (phonemes), and the letters or groups of letters (graphemes) or syllables of the written language. In English, this is also known as the Alphabetic principle or the Alphabetic code.
Functional illiteracy consists of reading and writing skills that are inadequate "to manage daily living and employment tasks that require reading skills beyond a basic level". People who can read and write only in a language other than the predominant language of where they live may also be considered functionally illiterate. Functional illiteracy is contrasted with illiteracy in the strict sense, meaning the inability to read or write simple sentences in any language.
The National Reading Panel (NRP) was a United States government body. Formed in 1997 at the request of Congress, it was a national panel with the stated aim of assessing the effectiveness of different approaches used to teach children to read.
Linda Lou Chavez is an American author, commentator, and radio talk show host. She is also a Fox News analyst, Chairman of the Center for Equal Opportunity, has a syndicated column that appears in newspapers nationwide each week, and sits on the board of directors of two Fortune 500 companies: Pilgrim's Pride and ABM Industries. Chavez was the highest-ranking woman in President Ronald Reagan's White House, and was the first Latina ever nominated to the United States Cabinet, when President George W. Bush nominated her Secretary of Labor. She withdrew from consideration for the position when the media published allegations that she had employed an illegal immigrant a decade earlier. In 2000, Chavez was named a Living Legend by the Library of Congress.
Phonemic awareness is a subset of phonological awareness in which listeners are able to hear, identify and manipulate phonemes, the smallest mental units of sound that help to differentiate units of meaning (morphemes). Separating the spoken word "cat" into three distinct phonemes,, , and, requires phonemic awareness. The National Reading Panel has found that phonemic awareness improves children's word reading and reading comprehension and helps children learn to spell. Phonemic awareness is the basis for learning phonics.
Dolores Clara Fernández Huerta is an American labor leader and civil rights activist who, with Cesar Chavez, is a co-founder of the National Farmworkers Association, which later merged with the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee to become the United Farm Workers (UFW). Huerta helped organize the Delano grape strike in 1965 in California and was the lead negotiator in the workers' contract that was created after the strike.
Education in Venezuela is regulated by the Venezuelan Ministry of Education. In 2010, Venezuela ranked 59th of 128 countries on UNESCO's Education for All Development Index. Nine years of education are compulsory. The school year is from September to June–July.
Balanced literacy is a theory of teaching reading and writing that arose in the 1990s and has a variety of interpretations. For some, balanced literacy strikes a balance between whole language and phonics and puts an end to the so called reading wars. Others say balanced literacy in practice usually means the whole language approach to reading.
A 2019 report by the National Center for Education Statistics determined that mid to high literacy in the United States is 79% with 21% of American adults categorized as having "low level English literacy," including 4.1% classified as "functionally illiterate" and an additional 4% that could not participate. According to the U.S. Department of Education, 54% of adults in the United States have prose literacy below the 6th-grade level.
Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of letters, symbols, etc., especially by sight or touch.
Ruth Johnson Colvin is the founder of the non-profit organization Literacy Volunteers of America, now called ProLiteracy Worldwide in Syracuse, New York, in 1962. She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush in December 2006. She turned 100 in December 2016.
Elfrieda "Freddy" Hiebert is an educational researcher whose work examines literacy, learning, early childhood development, teacher development, writing and children's literature. The main thrust of her work addresses literacy learning among at-risk youth in American classrooms. Currently, she is the CEO and president of TextProject, Inc., an agency that is dedicated to bringing beginning and struggling readers to high levels of literacy through a variety of strategies and tools, particularly through using science and social studies texts, used for reading instruction.
Maryanne Wolf is a scholar, teacher, and advocate for children and literacy around the world. She is the UCLA Professor-in-Residence of Education, Director of the UCLA Center for Dyslexia, Diverse Learners, and Social Justice, and the Chapman University Presidential Fellow (2018-2022). She is also the former John DiBiaggio Professor of Citizenship and Public Service, Director of the Center for Reading and Language Research, and Professor in the Eliot-Pearson Department of Child Study and Human Development at Tufts University.
Marcia Invernizzi is an American professor, author, and researcher in the field of Reading Education. At the University of Virginia Curry School of Education, she teaches reading education. As founder of the Book Buddies program, she is known as a leader in early literacy intervention.
Andrea Gómez y Mendoza was a Mexican graphic artist and muralist, a member of the Salón de la Plástica Mexicana.
Patricia A. Edwards, a member of the Reading Hall of Fame, is a Distinguished Professor of Language and Literacy in the Department of Teacher Education and a Senior University Outreach Fellow at Michigan State University. She is a nationally and internationally recognized expert in parent involvement, home-school-community partnerships, and multicultural, early, and family/intergenerational literacy with a focus on poor and minority children. She served on the International Literacy Association Board of Directors from 1998–2001, as the first African American President of the Literacy Research Association from 2006–2007, and as President of the International Literacy Association from 2010–2011. Edwards also served as a member of the Board of Directors for the American Educational Research Association's (AERA) Family, School, and Community Partnerships Special Interest Group (SIG) from 2014–2016 and was elected to serve as its President-Elect/President from 2016–2020.
Laurie Cutting is an American scholar of psychology and pediatrics. She is the Patricia and Rodes Hart Professor of Special Education, Psychology and Human Development, Radiology, and Pediatrics at Vanderbilt University. In addition, she is Associate Director of the Vanderbilt Kennedy Center and a member of the Vanderbilt Brain Institute, training faculty for Vanderbilt's Neuroscience Ph.D. program. Dr. Cutting is also a Senior Scientist at Haskins Laboratories and a member of the Haskins Global Literacy Hub. She was selected to be the 2017-2018 Joe B. Wyatt Distinguished University Professor at Vanderbilt University and received an NIH Method to Extend Research in Time (MERIT) Award in 2018. Professor Cutting serves on many boards and scientific advisory committees, including the National Center for Learning Disabilities and The Dyslexia Foundation. In 2002-2003, she completed an AAAS NIH science policy fellowship, and from 2007-2009, she was appointed to the Federal Reading First Advisory Panel.
Timothy Shanahan is an educator, researcher, and education policy-maker focused on literacy education. He is Distinguished Professor Emeritus in Education, at the University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Education, Department of Curriculum & Instruction, and he has held a visiting research appointment at Queens University, Belfast, Northern Ireland. He was elected president of the International Literacy Association in 2004. He operates the popular informational website, Shanahan on Literacy. He was recently recognized as one of the top 2% of scientists in the world, according to a recent study published by Stanford University scholars.
References
- 1 2 Strauss, Valerie, ed. (17 August 2012). "Why charter schools are a big business". The Washington Post . Retrieved 22 November 2015.
- ↑ Smith, Frank (2012). Understanding Reading: A Psycholinguistic Analysis of Reading and Learning to Read (6 ed.). Routledge. p. 352. ISBN 9781136497759.
- ↑ Shanton, Kyle D. (2004). "Communal Truth and the Literacy Landscape: Echoings of Perspectives, Positions, and Practices". In O'Donnell, James; Pruyn, Marc; Chávez, Rudolfo Chávez (eds.). Social Justice in These Times. IAP. pp. 191–214. ISBN 9781593112189.
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