Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Jerusalem (22 November 1709 - 2 September 1789) was a German Lutheran theologian during the Age of Enlightenment. He was also known as "Abt Jerusalem".
He was court-preacher and a major advisor to Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, to whom he suggested the foundation of the Collegium Carolinum in 1745 - this was the forerunner of the present-day TU Braunschweig. He also had a strong influence on the Duchy of Brunswick's educational policy as well as becoming one of the most important German theologians of his era.
He is considered one of the heads of the German school of natural theology, which radically departed from conventional Lutheran theological dogma. His main work, "Reflections on the Noble Truths of Religion" looked into speculative-universalist philosophy of history and harmonised salvation history with the secular history of progress.
Born in Osnabrück, he was the son of the town's Lutheran pastor. On his father's death in 1726, he went to study theology at Leipzig and Wittenberg, graduating with a master's degree in 1731. He then spent two years in the Dutch Republic before his return to Germany in 1734. He was given a court position in Göttingen in 1737 before spending several years in England. He then became a private tutor in the household of Friedrich von Spörcken in Hannover and then in 1742 he was summoned to the Brunswick court, where he became court preacher and tutor to the Duke's son and heir Charles William Ferdinand.
In 1742 he married Martha Christina (née Pfeiffer), widow of a man whose surname was Albrecht. They had five children, including Karl Wilhelm, whose 1772 suicide provided part of the inspiration for Goethe's The Sorrows of Young Werther . Jerusalem himself died in Brunswick and is buried in the abbey church at Riddagshausen Abbey, of which he had been made abbot in 1752.
A prize named after him has been jointly awarded since 2009 by the Braunschweigische Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Brunswick, the Braunschweig University of Technology and the Stiftung Braunschweigischer Kulturbesitz for "outstanding scientific contributions to the dialogue between theology, biology and technology". Its winners have been:
Johann Wilhelm Archenholz was born in Langfuhr (Wrzeszcz) near Danzig (Gdańsk) on 3 September 1741. He was a Prussian officer, Professor of History and a publicist. His book about the history of the Seven Years' War (1756–63) was the basis for many reprints, as well as for school books. Archenholz commissioned a Berlin artist, Johann Friedrich Bolt, to produce a copper etching for Archenholz's History of Gustav Vasa of the famous Swedish Nobility. He died in Öjendorf on 28 February 1812, where the street Archenholzstraße and a school called "Grundschule Archenholzstraße" is named after him today.
Braunschweig or Brunswick is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany, north of the Harz Mountains at the farthest navigable point of the river Oker, which connects it to the North Sea via the rivers Aller and Weser. In 2016, it had a population of 250,704.
Carl Eduard Sachau was a German orientalist. He taught Josef Horovitz and Eugen Mittwoch.
Heinrich Karl Eckard Helmuth von Maltzan, also known as Heinrich Eckhard Carl Helmuth von Maltzan and by his title Baron of Wartenburg and Penzlin, was a German traveller.
Joachim Heinrich Campe was a German writer, linguist, educator and publisher. He was a major representative of philanthropinism and the German Enlightenment.
The Free State of Brunswick was a state of the German Reich in the time of the Weimar Republic. It was formed after the abolition of the Duchy of Brunswick in the course of the German Revolution of 1918–19. Its capital was Braunschweig (Brunswick).
Weidmannsche Buchhandlung is a German book publisher established in 1680 that remained independent until it was acquired by Verlag Georg Olms in 1983.
Carl Friedrich von Rumohr was a German art historian, writer, draughtsman and painter, agricultural historian, connoisseur of and writer about the culinary arts, art collector and patron of artists.
Johann Georg Rosenmüller, a German Protestant theologian, was born at Ummerstadt in Hildburghausen, on 18 December 1736. He was appointed Professor of Theology at Erlangen in 1773, Primarius Professor of Theology at Erlangen in 1773, Primarius Professor of Divinity at Giessen in 1783, and was called in 1785 to Leipzig, where he remained until his death in 1815. His two sons were Ernst Friedrich Karl Rosenmüller, and Johann Christian Rosenmüller.
Michael Hahn was a German Pietist, Theosophist and the founder of the Hahn'schen Gemeinschaft. His alleged forename Johann does not appear on his birth certificate.
Moritz Georg Weidmann was a German bookseller and publisher based in Leipzig, accredited to the courts of Poland and the Electorate of Saxony. He was the son of the Moritz Georg Weidmann Senior. He entered the business in 1713 as a partner, and in 1717 took complete control of his father's bookstore, which his stepfather, Johann Ludwig Gleditsch, had managed for him since 1694.
Eilhard Ernst Gustav Wiedemann was a German physicist and historian of science. He was the son of physicist Gustav Heinrich Wiedemann (1826–1899), and an older brother to Egyptologist Alfred Wiedemann (1856–1936).
Johann Friedrich Gräfe was a civil servant and an amateur composer, whose works are still known today.
Friedrich Wilhelm Quirin von Forcade de Biaix, baptized Quirin Frideric de Forcade, aka Friedrich Quirin von Forcade, aka Frédéric Quérin de Forcade, was a Royal Prussian Lieutenant General, the second son of Jean de Forcade de Biaix, an early Huguenot immigrant to Brandenburg-Prussia and a descendant of the noble family of Forcade. He was one of Frederick the Great's most active and most treasured officers. He was wounded three times and once left for dead on the battlefield. Together with his wife, he fathered 23 children.
Karl Wilhelm Jerusalem was a German lawyer. His suicide in Wetzlar became the model for that of The Sorrows of Young Werther by Goethe.
Wolfgang Hirschmann is a German musicologist.
Walter Salmen was a German musicologist and university lecturer. Salmen taught from 1958 to 1992 as a professor of musicology at the Saarland University and the University of Kiel. Afterwards, he was for many years the full professor of the Musicological Institute of the University of Innsbruck. As a guest lecturer, he also worked in Switzerland, Israel and the United States. After retirement, he lived in Kirchzarten near Freiburg im Breisgau, and worked as honorary professor at the University of Freiburg.
The Magic Flute Part Two is a fragmentary closet libretto by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, which is inspired by Mozart's The Magic Flute. Parts were published in 1802 by Friedrich Wilmans, but its final form was published by Goethe in 1807.
Johann Christoph Frauendorff was a German librettist, lawyer and mayor of Naumburg.
Georg Olms Verlag is a Hildesheim-based book publisher with publications in the field of Geisteswissenschaft : first publications, ebooks, reprints and microfiche in the fields of archaeology, Arab studies, history, history of medicine and natural sciences, hippology, Jewish studies, cultural studies, literary criticism, art history, musicology, modern philology, Oriental studies, philosophy, theology and religious studies.