The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is a regional security-oriented intergovernmental organization comprising member states in Europe,North America,and Asia. Its mandate includes issues such as arms control,the promotion of human rights,freedom of the press,and free and fair elections. It employs around 3,460 people,mostly in its field operations but also in its secretariat in Vienna,Austria,and its institutions. It has observer status at the United Nations.
McGuireWoods LLP is a US-based international law firm headquartered in Richmond,Virginia. Initially founded in 1834,the firm has grown into the largest law firm in the state of Virginia,and has 21 offices across the country. Along with its Richmond headquarters,the firm's largest offices are located in Chicago,Illinois and Charlotte,North Carolina.
The Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA) is a federal statute passed into law in 2000 by the U.S. Congress and signed by President Clinton. The law was later reauthorized by presidents Bush,Obama,and Trump. In addition to its applicability to US citizens,it has the ability to authorize protections for undocumented immigrants who are victims of severe forms of trafficking and violence.
Human trafficking in South Africa occurs as a practice of forced labour and commercial sexual exploitation among imported and exported trafficked men,women,and children. Generally,South African girls are trafficked for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation and domestic servitude,while boys are used for street vending,food service,and agriculture. Anecdotal evidence suggests that South African children can also be forced to provide unpaid labor for landowners in return for land occupancy,living accommodation,or for maintaining labor tenancy rights. In any case,this form of unpaid labor has caused human trafficking to be described as a modern form of slavery. Human trafficking is the result of a combination of several factors,including gender inequality,economic instability,and political conflict. Since Africa experiences all of these,it is an active hub for human trafficking. Many urge for the need of a cultural shift to reduce instances of human trafficking by lessening the demand for sex and unpaid labor.
Uzbekistan ratified the 2000 UN TIP Protocol in August 2008.
The crime rate in the United Arab Emirates is relatively low compared to more highly industrialized nations. Incidents of petty crime such as pickpocketing are low. The United States Department of State states:"Crime generally is not a problem for travelers in the UAE. However,the U.S. Embassy advises U.S. citizens to take normal precautions against theft,such as not leaving a wallet,purse,or credit card unattended. Although vehicle break-ins in the UAE are rare,U.S. citizens are encouraged to ensure that unattended vehicles are locked and that valuables are not left out in plain sight".
The Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons (J/TIP) is an agency within the United States Department of State charged with investigating and creating programs to prevent human trafficking both within the United States and internationally. The office also presents the Trafficking in Persons Report annually to Congress,concerning human trafficking in the U.S. and other nations. This report aims to raise awareness about human exploitation and trafficking,and to prevent it. The office's goals are to make the public aware,protect victims,take legal action against violators,establish necessary and just sentences for criminals,and train law enforcement individuals. The office is led by the United States Ambassador-at-Large to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons.
In the United States,human trafficking tends to occur around international travel hubs with large immigrant populations,notably in California,Texas,and Georgia. Those trafficked include young children,teenagers,men,and women;victims can be domestic citizens or foreign nationals.
The United States Mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe represents the United States government in the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Currently,Katherine Brucker represents the United States at the OSCE and holds the title of chargéd'affaires ad interim.
Nancy Halliday Ely-Raphel is an American diplomat. She was the United States Ambassador to Slovenia from 1998 to 2001. From 2001 to 2003,she was the first Director of the U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons.
The A21 Campaign is a global 501(c)(3) non-profit,non-governmental organization that works to fight human trafficking,including sexual exploitation and trafficking,forced slave labor,bonded labor,involuntary domestic servitude,and child soldiery. The organization was founded by Christine Caine,an international motivational speaker,in 2008. One aim of A21's Campaign says,"We exist to abolish slavery everywhere. And with your help,we will." their focuses are on combatting slavery around the world through educational awareness and prevention,the protection of survivors,the prosecution of traffickers,and various partnerships. The A21 Campaign has branches in the Australia,Bulgaria,Cambodia,Denmark,Greece,Norway,Portugal,South Africa,Spain,Thailand,Ukraine,the United Kingdom,the United States and more.
Luis C.deBaca is an American lawyer and diplomat who served in the Obama administration as Ambassador-at-Large to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons and as Director of the Department of Justice's Office of Sex Offender Sentencing,Monitoring,Apprehending,Registering,and Tracking.
The Trafficking in Persons Report,or the TIP Report,is an annual report issued since 2001 by the U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. It ranks governments based on their perceived efforts to acknowledge and combat human trafficking.
The Human Trafficking Prevention Act is a bill that would require regular training and briefings for some federal government personnel to raise awareness of human trafficking and help employees spot cases of it.
The United States Ambassador-at-Large to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons is the head of the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons in the United States Department of State. The ambassador-at-large advises the United States Secretary of State and the Under Secretary of State for Civilian Security,Democracy,and Human Rights directly and formulates U.S. policy on human trafficking. As the head of the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons,this Ambassador also has the rank of Assistant Secretary.
The Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015 is an Act of Congress introduced in the Senate on January 13,2015,and signed into law by United States President Barack Obama on May 29,2015. It is also known as the JVTA. Broadly speaking,it aimed to increase services for survivors of human trafficking as well as to strengthen and empower law enforcement and first responders.
Human trafficking in Virginia is the illegal trade of human beings for the purposes of reproductive slavery,commercial sexual exploitation,or forced labor as it occurs in the state of Virginia,and it is widely recognized as a modern-day form of slavery. It includes "the recruitment,transportation,transfer,harboring or receipt of persons by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion,of abduction,of fraud,of deception,of the abuse of power,or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person,for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include,at a minimum,the exploitation of prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation,forced labor services,slavery or practices similar to slavery,servitude or the removal of organs."
The National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons (NAPTIP) is a law enforcement agency of the federal government of Nigeria. It was established in July,2003 to combat human trafficking and other similar human rights violations.
Gabon,also known as the Gabonese Republic is a sovereign state located in Central Africa along the Atlantic coastline. Gabon gained its independence from France in 1960. Human rights are rights that are inherent and universal to all human beings. Typical human rights include,freedom of speech,freedom of slavery,freedom of fair representation,a right to adequate living standards and exclusion of child labour. These human rights and more are included in the Declaration of Human Rights legislated by the United Nations of which the Gabonese Republic is a party. Gabon has signed multiple conventions such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,the International Covenant on Economic,Social and Cultural Rights,the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination,the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women,the United Nations Convention against Torture,the Convention on the Rights of the Child,the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families,and Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities,all of which are binding to them. However,despite Gabon having ratified many of these human rights conventions and laws within their own sovereign state there are still ongoing human right issues such as human trafficking,child trafficking,lack of political freedom and poverty. Political freedom is an essential human right in all societies and nations as it helps to protect democratic systems. The Gabonese governments have drawn criticism from multiple non-governmental organizations such as Freedom House and foreign governing bodies,especially the United States Department,for the lack of transparency of their political systems.
Human rights in Hungary are governed by the Constitution of Hungary,laws passed by the National Assembly,and oversight of international organizations such as the Council of Europe. Human rights groups such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have raised concern for the status of human rights in Hungary under the rule of Viktor Orbán and the Fidesz party since 2010.
