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The New Republic is an American publisher focused on domestic politics, news, culture, and the arts, with ten magazines a year and a daily online platform. The New York Times described the magazine as partially founded in Teddy Roosevelt's living room and known for its "intellectual rigor and left-leaning political views."
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The history of the socialist movement in the United States spans a variety of tendencies, including anarchists, communists, democratic socialists, social democrats, Marxists, Marxist–Leninists, Trotskyists and utopian socialists. It began with utopian communities in the early 19th century such as the Shakers, the activist visionary Josiah Warren and intentional communities inspired by Charles Fourier. Labor activists, usually Jewish, German, or Finnish immigrants, founded the Socialist Labor Party of America in 1877. The Socialist Party of America was established in 1901. By that time, anarchism also rose to prominence around the country. Socialists of different tendencies were involved in early American labor organizations and struggles. These reached a high point in the Haymarket massacre in Chicago, which founded the International Workers' Day as the main labour holiday around the world, Labor Day and making the eight-hour day a worldwide objective by workers organizations and socialist parties worldwide.
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Utopian socialism is the term often used to describe the first current of modern socialism and socialist thought as exemplified by the work of Henri de Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, Étienne Cabet, and Robert Owen. Utopian socialism is often described as the presentation of visions and outlines for imaginary or futuristic ideal societies, with positive ideals being the main reason for moving society in such a direction. Later socialists and critics of utopian socialism viewed utopian socialism as not being grounded in actual material conditions of existing society. These visions of ideal societies competed with revolutionary and social democratic movements.
Social democracy originated as an ideology within the labour movement whose goals have been a social revolution to move away from capitalism to socialism. In a nonviolent revolution as in the case of evolutionary socialism, or the establishment and support of a welfare state. Its origins lie in the 1860s as a revolutionary socialism associated with orthodox Marxism. Starting in the 1890s, there was a dispute between committed revolutionary social democrats such as Rosa Luxemburg and reformist social democrats. The latter sided with Marxist revisionists such as Eduard Bernstein, who supported a more gradual approach grounded in liberal democracy and cross-class cooperation. Karl Kautsky represented a centrist position. By the 1920s, social democracy became the dominant political tendency, along with communism, within the international socialist movement, representing a form of democratic socialism with the aim of achieving socialism peacefully. By the 1910s, social democracy had spread worldwide and transitioned towards advocating an evolutionary change from capitalism to socialism using established political processes such as the parliament. In the late 1910s, socialist parties committed to revolutionary socialism renamed themselves as communist parties, causing a split in the socialist movement between these supporting the October Revolution and those opposing it. Social democrats who were opposed to the Bolsheviks later renamed themselves as democratic socialists in order to highlight their differences from communists and later in the 1920s from Marxist–Leninists, disagreeing with the latter on topics such as their opposition to liberal democracy whilst sharing common ideological roots.
References
- ↑ "Senior Editor John B. Judis". The New Republic. Archived from the original on January 25, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
- ↑ "Christopher Hitchens on Socialism vs. Capitalism - Ayn Rand Debate, Marx, Quotes (1986) - YouTube". www.youtube.com. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2021-01-01.
- ↑ Streeck, Wolfgang, 1946- (2016). How will capitalism end? : essays on a failing system. London. ISBN 978-1-78478-401-0. OCLC 956583664.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ Judis, John B. (2020). The socialist awakening : what's different now about the left. New York. ISBN 978-1-7344207-0-8. OCLC 1147880311.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ↑ "The Emerging Republican Advantage" . National Journal. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ↑ Barone, Michael (2015-02-03). "Co-author of The Emerging Democratic Majority recants". Washington Examiner. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ↑ Dionne, E. J. (1 April 2019). "Is There Such a Thing as Progressive Nationalism?". The American Prospect.
