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Biphobia is aversion toward bisexuality or people who are identified or perceived as being bisexual. Similarly to homophobia,it refers to hatred and prejudice specifically against those identified or perceived as being in the bisexual community. It can take the form of denial that bisexuality is a genuine sexual orientation,or of negative stereotypes about people who are bisexual. Other forms of biphobia include bisexual erasure. Biphobia may also avert towards other sexualities attracted to multiple genders such as pansexuality or polysexuality,as the idea of being attracted to multiple genders is generally the cause of stigma towards bisexuality.
The field of psychology has extensively studied homosexuality as a human sexual orientation. The American Psychiatric Association listed homosexuality in the DSM-I in 1952 as a "sociopathic personality disturbance," but that classification came under scrutiny in research funded by the National Institute of Mental Health. That research and subsequent studies consistently failed to produce any empirical or scientific basis for regarding homosexuality as anything other than a natural and normal sexual orientation that is a healthy and positive expression of human sexuality. As a result of this scientific research,the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from the DSM-II in 1973. Upon a thorough review of the scientific data,the American Psychological Association followed in 1975 and also called on all mental health professionals to take the lead in "removing the stigma of mental illness that has long been associated" with homosexuality. In 1993,the National Association of Social Workers adopted the same position as the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association,in recognition of scientific evidence. The World Health Organization,which listed homosexuality in the ICD-9 in 1977,removed homosexuality from the ICD-10 which was endorsed by the 43rd World Health Assembly on 17 May 1990.
A sexual minority is a demographic whose sexual identity,orientation or practices differ from the majority of the surrounding society. Primarily used to refer to lesbian,gay,bisexual,or non-heterosexual individuals,it can also refer to transgender,non-binary or intersex individuals.
Gender nonconformity or gender variance is behavior or gender expression by an individual that does not match masculine or feminine gender norms. A gender-nonconforming person may be variant in their gender identity,being transgender or non-binary,or they may be cisgender. In the case of transgender people,they may be perceived,or perceive themselves as,gender-nonconforming before transitioning,but might not be perceived as such after transitioning. Transgender adults who appear gender-nonconforming after transition are more likely to experience discrimination.
The questioning of one's sexual orientation,sexual identity,gender,or all three is a process of exploration by people who may be unsure,still exploring,or concerned about applying a social label to themselves for various reasons. The letter "Q" is sometimes added to the end of the acronym LGBT;the "Q" can refer to either queer or questioning.
Gay affirmative psychotherapy is a form of psychotherapy for non-heterosexual people,specifically gay and lesbian clients,which focuses on client comfort in working towards authenticity and self-acceptance regarding sexual orientation,and does not attempt to "change" them to heterosexual,or to "eliminate or diminish" same-sex "desires and behaviors". The American Psychological Association (APA) offers guidelines and materials for gay affirmative psychotherapy. Affirmative psychotherapy affirms that homosexuality or bisexuality is not a mental disorder,in accordance with global scientific consensus. In fact,embracing and affirming gay identity can be a key component to recovery from other mental illnesses or substance abuse. Clients whose religious beliefs are interpreted as teaching against homosexual behavior may require some other method of integration of their possibly conflicting religious and sexual selves.
Closeted and in the closet are metaphors for LGBTQ people who have not disclosed their sexual orientation or gender identity and aspects thereof,including sexual identity and sexual behavior. This metaphor is associated and sometimes combined with coming out,the act of revealing one's sexuality or gender to others,to create the phrase "coming out of the closet".
Various issues in medicine relate to lesbian,gay,bisexual,transgender and queer (LGBTQ) people. According to the US Gay and Lesbian Medical Association (GLMA),besides HIV/AIDS,issues related to LGBTQ health include breast and cervical cancer,hepatitis,mental health,substance use disorders,alcohol use,tobacco use,depression,access to care for transgender persons,issues surrounding marriage and family recognition,conversion therapy,refusal clause legislation,and laws that are intended to "immunize health care professionals from liability for discriminating against persons of whom they disapprove."
Research has found that attempted suicide rates and suicidal ideation among lesbian,gay,bisexual,transgender and queer (LGBTQ) youth are significantly higher than among the general population.
Minority stress describes high levels of stress faced by members of stigmatized minority groups. It may be caused by a number of factors,including poor social support and low socioeconomic status;well understood causes of minority stress are interpersonal prejudice and discrimination. Indeed,numerous scientific studies have shown that when minority individuals experience a high degree of prejudice,this can cause stress responses that accrue over time,eventually leading to poor mental and physical health. Minority stress theory summarizes these scientific studies to explain how difficult social situations lead to chronic stress and poor health among minority individuals.
Self-concealment is a psychological construct defined as "a predisposition to actively conceal from others personal information that one perceives as distressing or negative". Its opposite is self-disclosure.
The United States Veterans Health Administration (VHA) has an LGBTQ+ Program through the Office of Patient Care Services. The “+”sign captures identities beyond LGBTQ,including but not limited to questioning,pansexual,asexual,agender,gender diverse,nonbinary,gender-neutral,and other identities. VHA began collecting data on veteran’s sexual orientation and gender identity in 2022 to inform policy and improve clinical care. There are estimated to be more than one million LGBTQ+ Americans who are military veterans. If LGBTQ+ veterans use VHA at the same rate as non-LGBTQ+ veterans,there could be more than 250,000 LGBTQ+ veterans served by VHA. Using diagnostic codes in medical record data,Blosnich and colleagues found that the prevalence of transgender veterans in VHA (22.9/100,000) is five times higher than reported prevalence of transgender-related diagnoses in the general population (4.3/100,000). Brown and Jones identified 5,135 transgender veterans receiving care in VHA using a broader set of diagnostic codes. Brown also notes that this methodology fails to identify transgender veterans who have not disclosed their gender identity to providers,those who don’t meet criteria for a diagnosis,or veterans who get their transition-related care outside of the VHA.
LGBTQ psychology is a field of psychology of surrounding the lives of LGBTQ+ individuals,in the particular the diverse range of psychological perspectives and experiences of these individuals. It covers different aspects such as identity development including the coming out process,parenting and family practices and support for LGBTQ+ individuals,as well as issues of prejudice and discrimination involving the LGBTQ community.
Due to the increased vulnerability that lesbian,gay,bisexual,transgender and queer (LGBTQ) youth face compared to their non-LGBTQ peers,there are notable differences in the mental and physical health risks tied to the social interactions of LGBTQ youth compared to the social interactions of heterosexual youth. Youth of the LGBTQ community experience greater encounters with not only health risks,but also violence and bullying,due to their sexual orientation,self-identification,and lack of support from institutions in society.
Sexual assault of LGBT people,also known as sexual and gender minorities (SGM), is a form of violence that occurs within the LGBT community. While sexual assault and other forms of interpersonal violence can occur in all forms of relationships,it is found that sexual minorities experience it at rates that are equal to or higher than their heterosexual counterparts. There is a lack of research on this specific problem for the LGBT population as a whole,but there does exist a substantial amount of research on college LGBT students who have experienced sexual assault and sexual harassment.
LGBT trauma is the distress an individual experiences due to being a lesbian,gay,bisexual,trans,queer person or from possessing another minoritized sexual or gender identity. This distress can be harmful to the individual and predispose them to trauma- and stressor-related disorders.
Margaret Rosario is a health psychologist who studies the development of sexual identity and health disparities associated with sexual orientation. Rosario was President of the American Psychological Association (APA) Division 44,the Society for Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity,from 2017-2018. Rosario received the APA Division 44 Award for Distinguished Contributions to Ethnic Minority Issues in 2008 and the Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions in 2012,as well as the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality Distinguished Scientific Achievement Award in 2021.
Winn Kelly Brooks was an American researcher and scholar in the field of minority stress theory. She is recognized as a pioneer of the concept of minority stress in sexual minority populations. Brooks completed a Doctorate in Social Work (DSW) and Social Welfare at University of California-Berkeley and published Minority Stress and Lesbian Women in 1981.
People who are LGBT are significantly more likely than those who are not to experience depression,PTSD,and generalized anxiety disorder.
Peter Goldblum is an American psychologist who is Professor Emeritus and Founding Director of the LGBTQ+ Area of Emphasis at Palo Alto University (PAU). He founded one of PAU's Gronowski Center's specialty clinics,the Sexual and Gender Identities Clinic (SGIC),and one of PAU's research labs,the Center for LGBTQ Evidence-based Applied Research (CLEAR). In the past 50 years,he has engaged in the development of community-based mental health programs and policies for the LGBTQ+ population in the San Francisco Bay Area. He lives in San Francisco with his husband,Michael Carr. They have been partners since 1996,and married October 31,2014 after gay marriage was legalized in California.
References
- ↑ Poitras, Colin (April 10, 2019). "Yale Alumnus Pledges $5 Million for Yale School of Public Health Fund and Professorship to Advance LGBTQ Mental Health". medicine.yale.edu. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
- ↑ Poitras, Colin (April 10, 2019). "Yale Alumnus Pledges $5 Million for Yale School of Public Health Fund and Professorship to Advance LGBTQ Mental Health". medicine.yale.edu. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
- ↑ "Yale LGBTQ Mental Health Initiative". October 7, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
- ↑ Pachankis, John E.; Bränström, Richard (13 June 2019). "How many sexual minorities are hidden? Projecting the size of the global closet with implications for policy and public health". PLOS ONE. 14 (6): e0218084. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1418084P. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218084 . PMC 6564426 . PMID 31194801.
- ↑ Chandler, Adam (May 6, 2013). "The Best Little Boy in the World — That's Me". The New York Times. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
- ↑ Pachankis, John E.; Hatzenbuehler, Mark L. (2013). "The social development of contingent self-worth in sexual minority young men: An empirical investigation of the "Best Little Boy in the World" hypothesis". Basic and Applied Social Psychology. 35 (2): 176–190. doi:10.1080/01973533.2013.764304. S2CID 143473660.
- ↑ Pachankis, John E.; Cochran, Susan; Mays, Vicky (2015). "The mental health of sexual minority adults in and out of the closet: A population-based study". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 83 (5): 890–901. doi:10.1037/ccp0000047. PMC 4573266 . PMID 26280492.
- ↑ van der Star, Arjan; Pachankis, John; Bränström, Richard (2019). "Sexual orientation openness and depression symptoms: A population-based study". Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity. 6 (3): 369–381. doi:10.1037/sgd0000335. S2CID 150416329.
- ↑ Pachankis, John E.; Mahon, Conor; Jackson, Skyler (2020). "Sexual orientation concealment and mental health: A conceptual and meta-analytic review". Psychological Bulletin. 146 (10): 831–871. doi:10.1037/bul0000271. PMC 8011357 . PMID 32700941.
- ↑ Pachankis, John (2015). "LGB-affirmative cognitive-behavioral therapy for young adult gay and bisexual men: A randomized controlled trial of a transdiagnostic minority stress approach". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 83 (5): 875–89. doi:10.1037/ccp0000037. PMC 4573250 . PMID 26147563.
- ↑ Pachankis, John (2020). "A transdiagnostic minority stress intervention for gender diverse sexual minority women's depression, anxiety, and unhealthy alcohol use: A randomized controlled trial". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 88 (7): 613–630. doi:10.1037/ccp0000508. PMC 7597069 . PMID 32437174.
- ↑ Pan, Si (2021). "A pilot cultural adaptation of LGB-affirmative CBT for young Chinese sexual minority men's mental and sexual health". Psychotherapy. 58 (1): 12–24. doi:10.1037/pst0000318. PMC 7736310 . PMID 32538644.
- ↑ "Yale Professor Awarded for Contributions Toward LGBT Health". aspph.org. August 9, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
- ↑ "APA Public Interest Award Goes to Yale Associate Professor". aspph.org. December 20, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
- ↑ Pachankis, John; Clark, Kirsty; Burton, Charles (2020). "Sex, status, competition, and exclusion: Intraminority stress from within the gay community and gay and bisexual men's mental health". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 119 (3): 713–740. doi:10.1037/pspp0000282. PMC 7354883 . PMID 31928026.
- ↑ Burton, Charles; Clark, Kirsty; Pachankis, John (2020). "Risk from within: Intraminority gay community stress and sexual risk-taking among sexual minority men". Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 54 (9): 703–712. doi:10.1093/abm/kaaa014. PMC 7459184 . PMID 32206770.
- ↑ Ferrannini, John (October 7, 2021). "Queer dating app users want less toxicity". Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
- ↑ Ryan, Benjamin (February 29, 2020). "Pressure to keep up: status imbalance a major factor in stress in gay men". The Guardian. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
- ↑ Kumar, Naveen (October 7, 2021). "The Gay Community's Obsession With Status and Looks Has Huge Mental Health Costs". Them. Retrieved October 7, 2021.