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Ophthalmology is a clinical and surgical specialty within medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders. A former term is oculism.
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a genetic disorder of the eyes that causes loss of vision. Symptoms include trouble seeing at night and decreasing peripheral vision. As peripheral vision worsens, people may experience "tunnel vision". Complete blindness is uncommon. Onset of symptoms is generally gradual and often begins in childhood.
Retinal detachment is a disorder of the eye in which the retina peels away from its underlying layer of support tissue. Initial detachment may be localized, but without rapid treatment the entire retina may detach, leading to vision loss and blindness. It is a surgical emergency.
Electroretinography measures the electrical responses of various cell types in the retina, including the photoreceptors, inner retinal cells, and the ganglion cells. Electrodes are placed on the surface of the cornea or on the skin beneath the eye to measure retinal responses. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) responses are measured with an EOG test with skin-contact electrodes placed near the canthi. During a recording, the patient's eyes are exposed to standardized stimuli and the resulting signal is displayed showing the time course of the signal's amplitude (voltage). Signals are very small, and typically are measured in microvolts or nanovolts. The ERG is composed of electrical potentials contributed by different cell types within the retina, and the stimulus conditions can elicit stronger response from certain components.
A retinal implant is a visual prosthesis for restoration of sight to patients blinded by retinal degeneration. The system is meant to partially restore useful vision to those who have lost their photoreceptors due to retinal diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) or age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Retinal implants are being developed by a number of private companies and research institutions, and three types are in clinical trials: epiretinal, subretinal, and suprachoroidal. The implants introduce visual information into the retina by electrically stimulating the surviving retinal neurons. So far, elicited percepts had rather low resolution, and may be suitable for light perception and recognition of simple objects.
Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is a group of genetic diseases seen in certain breeds of dogs and, more rarely, cats. Similar to retinitis pigmentosa in humans, it is characterized by the bilateral degeneration of the retina, causing progressive vision loss culminating in blindness. The condition in nearly all breeds is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, with the exception of the Siberian Husky (inherited as an X chromosome linked trait) and the Bullmastiff (inherited as an autosomal dominant trait). There is no treatment.
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Michael David Abràmoff is an American neuroscientist, ophthalmologist, vitreoretinal surgeon, computer engineer, and entrepreneur. He is the Watzke Professor of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences at the Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine at the University of Iowa.
Salvatore Domenic Morgera is an American and Canadian engineer, scientist, inventor, and academic. Morgera is a Tau Beta Pi Eminent Engineer, Life Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology(IET), Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Fellow of the Asia-Pacific Artificial Intelligence Association (AAIA), Professor of Electrical Engineering, Professor of Biomedical Engineering, and Director of the C4ISR Defense & Intelligence and Bioengineering Laboratories at the University of South Florida and Professor Emeritus at McGill University, Concordia University, and Florida Atlantic University.
Mark S. Humayun is a Pakistani-American ophthalmologist, engineer, scientist, inventor and academic – the only ophthalmologist elected a member of both U.S. National Academies of Medicine and Engineering. He is a university professor with joint appointments at the Keck School of Medicine of USC and the USC Viterbi School of Engineering.
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Gabriel Alejandro Silva is an American neuroscientist and bioengineer. He is a Professor of Bioengineering and Faculty Endowed Scholar in Engineering at the Jacobs School of Engineering at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) as well as the Founding Director of the Center for Engineered Natural Intelligence (CENI) at UCSD.
Paul A. Sieving is a former director of the National Eye Institute, part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Prior to joining the NIH in 2001, he served on the faculty of the University of Michigan Medical School as the Paul R. Lichter Professor of Ophthalmic Genetics. He also was the founding director of the Center for Retinal and Macular Degeneration in the university's Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences.
Peter Szurman is a German ophthalmologist, scientist, and professor of ophthalmology in Sulzbach/Saar.
References
- ↑ Hetling, J R (28 August 2008). "Comment on 'What is Neural Engineering?'". Journal of Neural Engineering. 5 (3): 360–361. doi:10.1088/1741-2560/5/3/N01. PMID 18756032. S2CID 20667536.
- ↑ Hetling, John R (2007). Electrophysiology of Natural and Artificial Vision. Springer. pp. 355–380. ISBN 978-0-387-49331-2.
- ↑ Hetling, John R (2007). Hybrid olfactory biosensor using the multichannel electroantennogram: Design and application. Wiley-IEEE Press. ISBN 978-0-470-05669-1 . Retrieved 2017-09-16.
- ↑ "John R. Hetling". scholar.google.com. Retrieved 2022-01-16.
- ↑ Eveleth, Rose (2012-05-01). "Patent Watch". Scientific American. Retrieved 2022-01-16.
- ↑ "Patent Public Search | USPTO". ppubs.uspto.gov. Retrieved 2022-11-12.
- ↑ Myrick, Andrew J.; Park, Kye Chung; Hetling, John R.; Baker, Thomas C. (2009-01-01). "Detection and Discrimination of Mixed Odor Strands in Overlapping Plumes Using an Insect-Antenna-Based Chemosensor System". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 35 (1): 118–130. Bibcode:2009JCEco..35..118M. doi:10.1007/s10886-008-9582-4. ISSN 1573-1561. PMID 19153799. S2CID 6640400.