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Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes. It examines the nature, the tasks, and the functions of cognition. Mental faculties of concern to cognitive scientists include language, perception, memory, attention, reasoning, and emotion; to understand these faculties, cognitive scientists borrow from fields such as linguistics, psychology, artificial intelligence, philosophy, neuroscience, and anthropology. The typical analysis of cognitive science spans many levels of organization, from learning and decision to logic and planning; from neural circuitry to modular brain organization. One of the fundamental concepts of cognitive science is that "thinking can best be understood in terms of representational structures in the mind and computational procedures that operate on those structures."
Cognitive neuroscience is the scientific field that is concerned with the study of the biological processes and aspects that underlie cognition, with a specific focus on the neural connections in the brain which are involved in mental processes. It addresses the questions of how cognitive activities are affected or controlled by neural circuits in the brain. Cognitive neuroscience is a branch of both neuroscience and psychology, overlapping with disciplines such as behavioral neuroscience, cognitive psychology, physiological psychology and affective neuroscience. Cognitive neuroscience relies upon theories in cognitive science coupled with evidence from neurobiology, and computational modeling.
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Computational neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience which employs mathematics, computer science, theoretical analysis and abstractions of the brain to understand the principles that govern the development, structure, physiology and cognitive abilities of the nervous system.
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A neuroscientist is a scientist who has specialised knowledge in neuroscience, a branch of biology that deals with the physiology, biochemistry, psychology, anatomy and molecular biology of neurons, neural circuits, and glial cells and especially their behavioral, biological, and psychological aspect in health and disease.
The consciousness and binding problem is the problem of how objects, background, and abstract or emotional features are combined into a single experience. The binding problem refers to the overall encoding of our brain circuits for the combination of decisions, actions, and perception. It is considered a "problem" due to the fact that no complete model exists.
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Terrence Joseph Sejnowski is the Francis Crick Professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies where he directs the Computational Neurobiology Laboratory and is the director of the Crick-Jacobs center for theoretical and computational biology. He has performed pioneering research in neural networks and computational neuroscience.
Fred "Rusty" Gage is an American geneticist known for his discovery of stem cells in the adult human brain. Gage is a former president (2018–2023) of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, where he holds the Vi and John Adler Chair for Research on Age-Related Neurodegenerative Disease and works in the Laboratory of Genetics.
Jeffrey Locke Elman was an American psycholinguist and professor of cognitive science at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD). He specialized in the field of neural networks.
Biological motion is motion that comes from actions of a biological organism. Humans and animals are able to understand those actions through experience, identification, and higher level neural processing. Humans use biological motion to identify and understand familiar actions, which is involved in the neural processes for empathy, communication, and understanding other's intentions. The neural network for biological motion is highly sensitive to the observer's prior experience with the action's biological motions, allowing for embodied learning. This is related to a research field that is broadly known as embodied cognitive science, along with research on mirror neurons.
Vittorio Gallese is professor of Psychobiology at the University of Parma, Italy, and was professor in Experimental Aesthetics at the University of London, UK (2016–2018). He is an expert in neurophysiology, cognitive neuroscience, social neuroscience, and philosophy of mind. Gallese is one of the discoverers of mirror neurons. His research attempts to elucidate the functional organization of brain mechanisms underlying social cognition, including action understanding, empathy, language, mindreading and aesthetic experience.
Richard Alan Andersen is an American neuroscientist. He is the James G. Boswell Professor of Neuroscience at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California. His research focuses on visual physiology with an emphasis on translational research to humans in the field of neuroprosthetics, brain-computer interfaces, and cortical repair.
In neuroscience, predictive coding is a theory of brain function which postulates that the brain is constantly generating and updating a "mental model" of the environment. According to the theory, such a mental model is used to predict input signals from the senses that are then compared with the actual input signals from those senses. Predictive coding is member of a wider set of theories that follow the Bayesian brain hypothesis.
Social cognitive neuroscience is the scientific study of the biological processes underpinning social cognition. Specifically, it uses the tools of neuroscience to study "the mental mechanisms that create, frame, regulate, and respond to our experience of the social world". Social cognitive neuroscience uses the epistemological foundations of cognitive neuroscience, and is closely related to social neuroscience. Social cognitive neuroscience employs human neuroimaging, typically using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Human brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct-current stimulation are also used. In nonhuman animals, direct electrophysiological recordings and electrical stimulation of single cells and neuronal populations are utilized for investigating lower-level social cognitive processes.
Tatyana Sharpee is an American neuroscientist. She is a Professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, where she spearheads a research group at the Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, with the support from Edwin Hunter Chair in Neurobiology. She is also an Adjunct Professor at the Department of Physics at University of California, San Diego. She was elected a fellow of American Physical Society in 2019.
Laura Busse is a German neuroscientist and professor of Systemic Neuroscience within the Division of Neurobiology at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. Busse's lab studies context-dependent visual processing in mouse models by performing large scale in vivo electrophysiological recordings in the thalamic and cortical circuits of awake and behaving mice.
Seana Coulson is a cognitive scientist known for her research on the neurobiology of language and studies of how meaning is constructed in human language, including experimental pragmatics, concepts, semantics, and metaphors. She is a professor in the Cognitive Science department at University of California, San Diego, where her Brain and Cognition Laboratory focuses on the cognitive neuroscience of language and reasoning.
References
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- ↑ "John Reynolds | UCSD Profiles". profiles.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
- ↑ "People | Kavli Institute for Brain & Mind". kibm.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
- ↑ "John Reynolds". The NOMIS Foundation. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
- ↑ Reynolds, John H.; Chelazzi, Leonardo (2004-07-21). "ATTENTIONAL MODULATION OF VISUAL PROCESSING". Annual Review of Neuroscience. 27 (1): 611–647. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131039. ISSN 0147-006X.
- ↑ Reynolds, John H.; Heeger, David J. (2009-01-29). "The normalization model of attention". Neuron. 61 (2): 168–185. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.01.002. ISSN 1097-4199. PMC 2752446 . PMID 19186161.
- ↑ "Visual attention: how the brain makes the most of the visible world". Salk Institute for Biological Studies. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
- ↑ "Scientists help explain visual system's remarkable ability to recognize complex objects". Salk Institute for Biological Studies. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
- ↑ Nandy, Anirvan; Sharpee, Tatyana; Reynolds, John; Mitchell, Jude (June 19, 2013). "The Fine Structure of Shape Tuning in Area V4". Neuron. 78 (6): 1102–1115.
- ↑ "Traveling brain waves help detect hard-to-see objects". Salk Institute for Biological Studies. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
- ↑ Davis, Zachary W.; Muller, Lyle; Martinez-Trujillo, Julio; Sejnowski, Terrence; Reynolds, John H. (2020-10-07). "Spontaneous travelling cortical waves gate perception in behaving primates". Nature. 587 (7834): 432–436. Bibcode:2020Natur.587..432D. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2802-y. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 7677221 . PMID 33029013.
- ↑ Glavis-Bloom, Courtney; Vanderlip, Casey R.; Weiser Novak, Sammy; Kuwajima, Masaaki; Kirk, Lyndsey; Harris, Kristen M.; Manor, Uri; Reynolds, John H. (2023). "Violation of the ultrastructural size principle in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex underlies working memory impairment in the aged common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)". Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 15. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1146245 . ISSN 1663-4365. PMC 10132463 . PMID 37122384.
- ↑ Jackson, Christina (2023-04-12). "Mitochondrial Dysfunction May Be a Cause of Age-Related Cognitive Impairment". GEN - Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News. Retrieved 2024-03-04.
- ↑ "Ship Team". A SHIP IN THE WOODS. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
- ↑ "Theater of the Mind". Theater of the Mind. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
- ↑ "2022 AAAS Fellows". aaas.org. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
- ↑ "Scholar Awards". McKnight Foundation. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
