Related Research Articles
Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes. It examines the nature, the tasks, and the functions of cognition. Mental faculties of concern to cognitive scientists include perception, memory, attention, reasoning, language, and emotion; to understand these faculties, cognitive scientists borrow from fields such as psychology, artificial intelligence, philosophy, neuroscience, linguistics and anthropology. The typical analysis of cognitive science spans many levels of organization, from learning and decision-making to logic and planning; from neural circuitry to modular brain organization. One of the fundamental concepts of cognitive science is that "thinking can best be understood in terms of representational structures in the mind and computational procedures that operate on those structures."
Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system, its functions, and its disorders. It is a multidisciplinary science that combines physiology, anatomy, molecular biology, developmental biology, cytology, psychology, physics, computer science, chemistry, medicine, statistics, and mathematical modeling to understand the fundamental and emergent properties of neurons, glia and neural circuits. The understanding of the biological basis of learning, memory, behavior, perception, and consciousness has been described by Eric Kandel as the "epic challenge" of the biological sciences.
Cognitive neuroscience is the scientific field that is concerned with the study of the biological processes and aspects that underlie cognition, with a specific focus on the neural connections in the brain which are involved in mental processes. It addresses the questions of how cognitive activities are affected or controlled by neural circuits in the brain. Cognitive neuroscience is a branch of both neuroscience and psychology, overlapping with disciplines such as behavioral neuroscience, cognitive psychology, physiological psychology and affective neuroscience. Cognitive neuroscience relies upon theories in cognitive science coupled with evidence from neurobiology, and computational modeling.
Computational neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience which employs mathematics, computer science, theoretical analysis and abstractions of the brain to understand the principles that govern the development, structure, physiology and cognitive abilities of the nervous system.
Vilayanur Subramanian Ramachandran is an Indian-American neuroscientist. He is known for his wide-ranging experiments and theories in behavioral neurology, including the invention of the mirror box. Ramachandran is a distinguished professor in UCSD's Department of Psychology, where he is the director of the Center for Brain and Cognition.
Behavioral neuroscience, also known as biological psychology, biopsychology, or psychobiology, is part of the broad, interdisciplinary field of neuroscience, with its primary focus being on the biological and neural substrates underlying human experiences and behaviors, as in our psychology. Derived from an earlier field known as physiological psychology, behavioral neuroscience applies the principles of biology to study the physiological, genetic, and developmental mechanisms of behavior in humans and other animals. Behavioral neuroscientists examine the biological bases of behavior through research that involves neuroanatomical substrates, environmental and genetic factors, effects of lesions and electrical stimulation, developmental processes, recording electrical activity, neurotransmitters, hormonal influences, chemical components, and the effects of drugs. Important topics of consideration for neuroscientific research in behavior include learning and memory, sensory processes, motivation and emotion, as well as genetic and molecular substrates concerning the biological bases of behavior. Subdivisions of behavioral neuroscience include the field of cognitive neuroscience, which emphasizes the biological processes underlying human cognition. Behavioral and cognitive neuroscience are both concerned with the neuronal and biological bases of psychology, with a particular emphasis on either cognition or behavior depending on the field.
A neuroscientist is a scientist specializing in neuroscience that deals with the anatomy and function of neurons, neural circuits, and glial cells, and their behavioral, biological, and psychological roles in health and disease.
The consciousness and binding problem is the problem of how objects, background, and abstract or emotional features are combined into a single experience. The binding problem refers to the overall encoding of our brain circuits for the combination of decisions, actions, and perception. It is considered a "problem" due to the fact that no complete model exists.
Fred "Rusty" Gage is an American geneticist known for his discovery of stem cells in the adult human brain. Gage is a former president (2018–2023) of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, where he holds the Vi and John Adler Chair for Research on Age-Related Neurodegenerative Disease and works in the Laboratory of Genetics.
Roger Bingham was a British science educator, author and television host based in La Jolla, California. He was co-founder and director of the Science Network (TSN), a virtual forum dedicated to science and its impact on society. Bingham was also the creator of the Beyond Belief conferences.
Biological motion is motion that comes from actions of a biological organism. Humans and animals are able to understand those actions through experience, identification, and higher level neural processing. Humans use biological motion to identify and understand familiar actions, which is involved in the neural processes for empathy, communication, and understanding other's intentions. The neural network for biological motion is highly sensitive to the observer's prior experience with the action's biological motions, allowing for embodied learning. This is related to a research field that is broadly known as embodied cognitive science, along with research on mirror neurons.
Cultural neuroscience is a field of research that focuses on the interrelation between a human's cultural environment and neurobiological systems. The field particularly incorporates ideas and perspectives from related domains like anthropology, psychology, and cognitive neuroscience to study sociocultural influences on human behaviors. Such impacts on behavior are often measured using various neuroimaging methods, through which cross-cultural variability in neural activity can be examined.
Richard Alan Andersen is an American neuroscientist. He is the James G. Boswell Professor of Neuroscience at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California. His research focuses on visual physiology with an emphasis on translational research to humans in the field of neuroprosthetics, brain-computer interfaces, and cortical repair.
Ralph Mitchell Siegel, a researcher who studied the neurological underpinnings of vision, was a professor of neuroscience at Rutgers University, Newark, in the Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience. He died September 2, 2011, at his home following a long illness.
In neuroscience, predictive coding is a theory of brain function which postulates that the brain is constantly generating and updating a "mental model" of the environment. According to the theory, such a mental model is used to predict input signals from the senses that are then compared with the actual input signals from those senses. Predictive coding is member of a wider set of theories that follow the Bayesian brain hypothesis.
Social cognitive neuroscience is the scientific study of the biological processes underpinning social cognition. Specifically, it uses the tools of neuroscience to study "the mental mechanisms that create, frame, regulate, and respond to our experience of the social world". Social cognitive neuroscience uses the epistemological foundations of cognitive neuroscience, and is closely related to social neuroscience. Social cognitive neuroscience employs human neuroimaging, typically using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Human brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct-current stimulation are also used. In nonhuman animals, direct electrophysiological recordings and electrical stimulation of single cells and neuronal populations are utilized for investigating lower-level social cognitive processes.
Nicola J. Allen is a British neuroscientist. Allen studies the role of astrocytes in brain development, homeostasis, and aging. Her work uncovered the critical roles these cells play in brain plasticity and disease. Allen is currently an associate professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies and Hearst Foundation Development Chair.
Li Zhaoping, born in Shanghai, China, is a neuroscientist at the University of Tübingen in Germany. She is the only woman to win the first place in CUSPEA, a 1980s annual national physics admission examination in China, during CUSPEA's 10-year history (1979–1989). She proposed V1 Saliency Hypothesis (V1SH), and is the author of Understanding vision: theory, models, and data published by Oxford University Press.
Tatyana Sharpee is an American neuroscientist. She is a Professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, where she spearheads a research group at the Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, with the support from Edwin Hunter Chair in Neurobiology. She is also an Adjunct Professor at the Department of Physics at University of California, San Diego. She was elected a fellow of American Physical Society in 2019.
Sabine Kastner is a German-born American cognitive neuroscientist. She is professor of psychology at the Princeton Neuroscience Institute at Princeton University. She also holds a visiting scientist appointment at the University of California at Berkeley.
References
- 1 2 3 4 "John Reynolds, PhD". Salk Institute for Biological Studies. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
- ↑ "John Reynolds | UCSD Profiles". profiles.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
- ↑ "People | Kavli Institute for Brain & Mind". kibm.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
- ↑ "John Reynolds". The NOMIS Foundation. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
- ↑ Reynolds, John H.; Chelazzi, Leonardo (2004-07-21). "Attentional Modulation of Visual Processing". Annual Review of Neuroscience. 27 (1): 611–647. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131039. ISSN 0147-006X. PMID 15217345.
- ↑ Reynolds, John H.; Heeger, David J. (2009-01-29). "The normalization model of attention". Neuron. 61 (2): 168–185. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.01.002. ISSN 1097-4199. PMC 2752446 . PMID 19186161.
- ↑ "Visual attention: how the brain makes the most of the visible world". Salk Institute for Biological Studies. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
- ↑ "Scientists help explain visual system's remarkable ability to recognize complex objects". Salk Institute for Biological Studies. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
- ↑ Nandy, Anirvan; Sharpee, Tatyana; Reynolds, John; Mitchell, Jude (June 19, 2013). "The Fine Structure of Shape Tuning in Area V4". Neuron. 78 (6): 1102–1115. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.04.016. PMC 3694358 . PMID 23791199.
- ↑ "Traveling brain waves help detect hard-to-see objects". Salk Institute for Biological Studies. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
- ↑ Davis, Zachary W.; Muller, Lyle; Martinez-Trujillo, Julio; Sejnowski, Terrence; Reynolds, John H. (2020-10-07). "Spontaneous travelling cortical waves gate perception in behaving primates". Nature. 587 (7834): 432–436. Bibcode:2020Natur.587..432D. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2802-y. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 7677221 . PMID 33029013.
- ↑ Glavis-Bloom, Courtney; Vanderlip, Casey R.; Weiser Novak, Sammy; Kuwajima, Masaaki; Kirk, Lyndsey; Harris, Kristen M.; Manor, Uri; Reynolds, John H. (2023). "Violation of the ultrastructural size principle in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex underlies working memory impairment in the aged common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)". Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 15. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1146245 . ISSN 1663-4365. PMC 10132463 . PMID 37122384.
- ↑ Jackson, Christina (2023-04-12). "Mitochondrial Dysfunction May Be a Cause of Age-Related Cognitive Impairment". GEN - Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News. Retrieved 2024-03-04.
- ↑ "Ship Team". A SHIP IN THE WOODS. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
- ↑ "Theater of the Mind". Theater of the Mind. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
- ↑ "2022 AAAS Fellows". aaas.org. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
- ↑ "Scholar Awards". McKnight Foundation. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
