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Josep de Boltas (died 1795) was Bishop of Urgel and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 1785 to 1795. Born in Oran, Algeria, he became Bishop of Urgell and Co-prince of Andorra on 31 March 1785. During his ten years in office he steered a course of neutrality during the French Revolution. He contributed important legislative work and improved the health, economy and security of the region. He died in office in 1795.
Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra, is a sovereign landlocked country on the Iberian Peninsula, in the eastern Pyrenees, bordered by France to the north and Spain to the south. Believed to have been created by Charlemagne, Andorra was ruled by the count of Urgell until 988, when it was transferred to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell. The present principality was formed by a charter in 1278. It is currently headed by two co-princes: the bishop of Urgell in Spain and the president of France. Its capital and largest city is Andorra la Vella.
Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra, also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra, is a sovereign landlocked microstate in southwestern Europe, located in the eastern Pyrenees mountain range and is bordered by Spain and France.
A prince-bishop is a bishop who is also the civil ruler of some secular principality and sovereignty, as opposed to Prince of the Church itself, a title associated with cardinals. Since 1951, the sole extant prince-bishop has been the Bishop of Urgell, Catalonia, who has remained ex officio one of two co-princes of Andorra, along with the French president.
Joan-Enric Vives i Sicília is a Spanish cleric, who has served as Bishop of Urgell since 2003, and is therefore the Co-Prince of Andorra. This makes him a joint-head-of-state and one of the two Catholic religious figures in the world who also leads a country, the other such prelate being the Pope himself.
Nemesi Marquès i Oste was the personal representative to Andorra of the Bishop of Urgell, who is one of the co-princes of Andorra. He is a Roman Catholic priest, and has been rector of Bellestar, a village of 55 inhabitants.
Joan Martí i Alanis was a former Bishop of Urgell and hence former co-Prince of Andorra. He was Bishop of Urgell from 1971 to 2003. He was a co-signatory, along with François Mitterrand, of Andorra's new constitution in 1993.
The Diocese of Urgell is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in Catalonia (Spain) and Andorra in the historical County of Urgell, with origins in the fifth century AD or possibly earlier. It is based in the region of the historical Catalan County of Urgell, though it has different borders. The seat and Cathedral of the bishop are situated in la Seu d'Urgell town. The state of Andorra is a part of this diocese.
A personal union is a combination of two or more monarchical states that have the same monarch while their boundaries, laws, and interests remain distinct. A real union, by contrast, involves the constituent states being to some extent interlinked, such as by sharing some limited governmental institutions. Unlike a personal union, in a federation or a unitary state, a central (federal) government spanning all member states exists, with the degree of self-governance distinguishing the two. The ruler in a personal union does not need to be a hereditary monarch.
The co-princes of Andorra are jointly the heads of state of the Principality of Andorra, a landlocked microstate lying in the Pyrenees between France and Spain. Founded in 1278 using a treaty between the bishop of Urgell and the Count of Foix, this unique diarchical arrangement has persisted through the Middle Ages to the present. Currently, the bishop of Urgell and the president of France serve as Andorra's co-princes, following the transfer of the count of Foix's claims to the Crown of France and, subsequently, to the head of state of the French Republic. Each co-prince appoints a personal representative, the episcopal co-prince by Josep Maria Mauri and the French co-prince currently being represented by Patrick Strzoda.
Ramón Malla i Call was Bishop of Lleida. From 1969 until 1971 he was Apostolic Administrator of the Diocese of Urgell during a sede vacante and therefore acting Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra. He was born in La Seu d'Urgell, Catalonia. He was ordained as priest on 16 December 1948, in Salamanca. On 24 July 1968 he was consecrated bishop of Lleida. On 19 December 1999 he became Emeritus Bishop.
Ramón Iglesias i Navarri was a Spanish Roman Catholic bishop. He was the Bishop of Urgell and Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra from 4 April 1943, until 29 April 1969. During World War II, he helped to keep Andorra neutral and strongly promoted a Spanish influence in the principality. It is during his time that tourism was developed. Navarri was ordained priest on 14 July 1912, at the age of 23.
Justí Guitart i Vilardebó was the Bishop of Urgell and Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra from 1920 until his death in 1940.
The Catholic Church in Andorra is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome.
Juan Baptista Benlloch i Vivó was a Spanish cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who was Archbishop of Burgos from 1919, who was elevated to the cardinalate in 1921, and who, as Co-Prince of Andorra, composed the text for "El Gran Carlemany", that country's national anthem.
Andorra and France are members of the Council of Europe, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie and the United Nations. The two share a head of state, as the president of France is one of the co-princes of Andorra.
Thomas Elrington was an Irish academic and bishop who served as the 25th Provost of Trinity College Dublin from 1811 to 1820. He was Donegall Lecturer in Mathematics from 1790 to 1795 at Trinity College Dublin. While at Trinity College, he also served as Erasmus Smith's Professor of Mathematics from 1795 to 1799 and Erasmus Smith's Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy from 1799 to 1807.
Josep Maria Mauri i Prior is a Spanish Catholic priest from Catalonia and the current personal representative of the episcopal co-prince of Andorra, Archbishop Joan Enric Vives Sicília.
Ramon Riu i Cabanes was Bishop of Urgell and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra in 1901. Born in 1852 in Solsona he was appointed Apostolic Administrator of the Diocese of Solsona and Titular Bishop of Tamasus in 1895. In April 1901 he succeeded Salvador Casañas y Pagés as Bishop of Urgell and ecclesiastical Co-Prince of Andorra, he died however just few months after taking office.
Anarchism in Andorra peaked during the 1930s, when anarchist ideas were at the forefront of revolutionary politics in the Catalan countries.
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