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François-Dominique Toussaint Louverture also known as Toussaint L'Ouverture or Toussaint Bréda, was a Haitian general and the most prominent leader of the Haitian Revolution. During his life, Louverture first fought and allied with Spanish forces against Saint-Domingue Royalists, then joined with Republican France, becoming Governor-General-for-life of Saint-Domingue, and lastly fought against Bonaparte's republican troops. As a revolutionary leader, Louverture displayed military and political acumen that helped transform the fledgling slave rebellion into a revolutionary movement. Along with Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Louverture is now known as one of the "Fathers of Haiti".
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References
- Philippe R. Girard, A History of Haiti: Rise and Demise of the Pearl of the Caribbean (New York: Palgrave, 2010).
- Philippe R. Girard, "Trading Races: Joseph and Marie Bunel, a Diplomat and a Merchant in Revolutionary Saint-Domingue and Philadelphia", Journal of the Early Republic 30:3 (Fall 2010), pp. 351–76.
- Philippe R. Girard, “Black Talleyrand: Toussaint Louverture’s Secret Diplomacy with England and the United States,” William and Mary Quarterly 66:1 (Jan. 2009), 87–124.
- Gordon S. Brown, Toussaint's Clause: The Founding Fathers and the Haitian Revolution (University Press of Mississippi, 2005).
Notes
- ↑ Girard, "Trading Races."
- ↑ Alexander DeConde, The Quasi-War (New York: Scribner's, 1966), pp. 135-36.
- ↑ Brown, "Toussaint's Clause," p. 137.
- ↑ Thomas Hart Benton, Abridgment of the Debates of Congress, from 1789 to 1856 Vol. 2 (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1857), p. 339.
- ↑ Madison Smartt Bell, Toussaint Louverture (Vintage Books, 2008), pp. 210-11.
- ↑ Girard, Philippe (2009). "Rebelleswith a Cause: Women in the Haitian War of Independence, 1802-04". Gender & History. 21: 60–85. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0424.2009.01535.x.
- ↑ Girard, "Trading Races."
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