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Sarah "Sally" Hemings was a female enslaved person with one-quarter African ancestry who was owned by president of the United States Thomas Jefferson, one of many he inherited from his father-in-law, John Wayles.
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The Three-fifths Compromise was an agreement reached during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention over the inclusion of slaves in a state's total population. This count would determine: the number of seats in the House of Representatives; the number of electoral votes each state would be allocated; and how much money the states would pay in taxes. Slave holding states wanted their entire population to be counted to determine the number of Representatives those states could elect and send to Congress. Free states wanted to exclude the counting of slave populations in slave states, since those slaves had no voting rights. A compromise was struck to resolve this impasse. The compromise counted three-fifths of each state's slave population toward that state's total population for the purpose of apportioning the House of Representatives, effectively giving the Southern states more power in the House relative to the Northern states. It also gave slaveholders similarly enlarged powers in Southern legislatures; this was an issue in the secession of West Virginia from Virginia in 1863. Free blacks and indentured servants were not subject to the compromise, and each was counted as one full person for representation.
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Eston Hemings Jefferson was born into slavery at Monticello, the youngest son of Sally Hemings, a mixed-race enslaved woman. Most historians who have considered the question believe that his father was Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States. Evidence from a 1998 DNA test showed that a descendant of Eston matched the Jefferson male line, and historical evidence also supports the conclusion that Thomas Jefferson was probably Eston's father. Many historians believe that Jefferson and Sally Hemings had six children together, four of whom survived to adulthood. Other historians disagree.
Madison Hemings was the son of Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson. He was the third of Sally Hemings’ four children to survive to adulthood. Born into slavery, according to partus sequitur ventrem, Hemings grew up on Jefferson's Monticello plantation, where his mother was also enslaved. After some light duties as a young boy, Hemings became a carpenter and fine woodwork apprentice at around age 14 and worked in the joiner's shop until he was about 21. He learned to play the violin and was able to earn money by growing cabbages. Jefferson died in 1826, after which Sally Hemings was "given her time" by Jefferson's surviving daughter Martha Jefferson Randolph.
Elizabeth Hemings was a female slave of mixed-ethnicity in colonial Virginia. With her owner, planter John Wayles, she had six children, including Sally Hemings. These children were three-quarters white, and, following the condition of their mother, they were considered slaves from birth; they were half-siblings to Wayles's daughter, Martha Jefferson. After Wayles died, the Hemings family and some 120 other slaves were inherited, along with 11,000 acres and £4,000 debt, as part of his estate by his daughter Martha and her husband Thomas Jefferson.
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Harriet Hemings was born into slavery at Monticello, the home of Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States, in the first year of his presidency. Most historians believe her father was Jefferson, who is now believed to have fathered, with his slave Sally Hemings, four children who survived to adulthood.
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Stephanie E. Jones-Rogers is an American historian. She is an associate professor of history at the University of California, Berkeley, and the author of They Were Her Property: White Women as Slave Owners in the American South. She is an expert in African-American history, the history of American slavery, and women's and gender history.
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William Caleb McDaniel is an American historian. His book Sweet Taste of Liberty: A True Story of Slavery and Restitution in America won the 2020 Pulitzer Prize for History. He is also an Associate professor of History at Rice University.
Jeff Forret is an American historian and professor at Lamar University.
Seth Rockman is an American historian. He is an associate professor of history at Brown University. He is the recipient of the Merle Curti Award and the Philip Taft Labor History Book Award for his 2009 book Scraping By: Wage Labor, Slavery, and Survival in Early Baltimore.
This is a bibliography of works regarding the internal or domestic slave trade in the United States.
References
- ↑ Crawford, Franklin (December 2017). "Personal History". cornellalumnimagazine.com. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ↑ "Joshua D. Rothman". history.ua.edu. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ↑ "UA's W.S. Hoole Library to Host Professor Who Examines the History of Interracial Sex". ua.edu. April 24, 2003. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ↑ Gundersen, Joan R. (June 2004). "Review of Notorious in the Neighborhood: Sex and Families across the Color Line in Virginia, 1787–1861". Journal of American History. 91 (1): 231. doi:10.2307/3659657. JSTOR 3659657 . Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ↑ "UA Professor Named American Antiquarian Society-National Endowment For the Humanities Fellow". ua.edu. August 9, 2005. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ↑ Majewski, John (September 2014). "Flush Times and Fever Dreams: A Story of Capitalism and Slavery in the Age of Jackson by Joshua D. Rothman (review)". The Journal of the Civil War Era. 4 (3). University of North Carolina Press: 458–461. doi:10.1353/cwe.2014.0048. S2CID 161107488 . Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ↑ "Rothman's Book Recognized with Two Awards". as.ua.edu. November 13, 2013. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ↑ "Rothman to Study BBQ". as.ua.edu. September 16, 2013. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ↑ "Freedom on the Move". ua.edu. December 14, 2018. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ↑ "Historian Receives Grant for Digital Slavery Project". as.ua.edu. September 11, 2017. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ↑ "Dr. Joshua Rothman Embraces New Role As Department Chair". history.ua.edu. September 21, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ↑ "Joshua D. Rothman F'19". acls.org. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
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