Judee K. Burgoon

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Judee K. Burgoon (born 1948) is a professor of communication, family studies and human development at the University of Arizona, where she serves as director of research for the Center for the Management of Information and site director for the NSF-sponsored Center for Identification Technology Research. [1] She is also involved with different aspects of interpersonal and nonverbal communication, deception, and new communication technologies. [1] She is also director of human communication research for the Center for the Management of Information and site director for Center for Identification Technology Research at the university, [1] and recently held an appointment as distinguished visiting professor with the department of communication at the University of Oklahoma, and the Center for Applied Social Research at the University of Oklahoma. [2] Burgoon has authored or edited 13 books and monographs and has published nearly 300 articles, chapters and reviews related to nonverbal and verbal communication, deception, and computer-mediated communication. Her research has garnered over $13 million in extramural funding from the National Science Foundation, the Department of Defense, the Department of Homeland Security, the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Counterintelligence Field Activity, and the National Institutes of Mental Health. [1] Among the communication theories with which she is most notably linked are: interpersonal adaptation theory, expectancy violations theory, and interpersonal deception theory. A recent survey identified her as the most prolific female scholar in communication in the 20th century. [1]

Contents

Personal life

Burgoon was born as Judee Kathelene Stringer on February 5, 1948, in Ames, Iowa, to J. (Joseph) Kenneth Stringer, Jr. and Mary Elene "Polly" Stringer (maiden name Parrott). She is the oldest of five children. She has two sisters (Della and Marilyn) and two brothers (Ken (III) and Warren). [3] She attended Grant Elementary School, J. B. Young Jr. High School, where she was inspired by her speech and choir teacher to become active in speech, drama, and debate. She also attended Central High School, where she was active in many extracurricular activities such as debate team, golf team, drama club, and organizing both the Young Republicans and Young Democrats. She spent summers working to earn money for college. She has been married twice and is divorced from her second husband Michael Burgoon, whom she wed in 1974. They have a daughter named Erin Mikaela.

College career

Burgoon graduated summa cum laude from Iowa State University in 1970, where she received a bachelor's degree with a double major in Speech and English and a double minor in Social Studies and Education. A year later, she began working toward a master's degree in Speech Communication from Illinois State University, which she completed in 1972. Two years after receiving her master's degree, she received a doctorate in the joint fields of Communication and Educational Psychology from West Virginia University. [4]

Teaching career

Burgoon's teaching focuses on nonverbal communication and relational communication. Her main emphasis is in interpersonal communication processes and outcomes, expectancy violations, deception, nonverbal relational messages, conversation involvement and dominance, and dyadic adaptation patterns. She is the recipient of the International Communication Association's B. Aubrey Fisher Mentorship Award, the University of Arizona's Excellence-in-Teaching Award in Social and Behavioral Sciences, Michigan State University's Teacher-Scholar Award, and Central States Communication Association's Young Teacher Award. [4] [5] [6]

Communication theory and research

Burgoon's research focuses on nonverbal communication, interpersonal communication, and small group communication. She specializes in mass media and new communication and information technologies, as they relate to deception, credibility, persuasion, argumentation, and unwillingness to communicate. She once said, "A theory is nothing more than your set of systematic hunches about the way things operate. The point of trying to test theory is to see if your hunches work out." [7] In 1999, she was awarded a Distinguished Scholar Award [8] by the National Communication Association, its highest award for a lifetime of scholarly achievement. In 2008, Burgoon was once again awarded for her research in the field of communication with the Mark L. Knapp Award in Interpersonal Communication. [9] Burgoon is noted as the founder or developer of such well-known communication theories as:

The majority of these theories are outlined in her book Nonverbal Communication. Burgoon co-wrote this book with Laura K. Guerrero, Arizona State University and Kory Floyd, Arizona State University. Drawing significantly on both classic and contemporary research, Nonverbal Communication speaks to today's students with modern examples that illustrate nonverbal communication in their lived experiences. This new edition, authored by three of the foremost scholars in nonverbal communication, builds on the approach pioneered by Burgoon, Buller and Woodall which focused on both the features and the functions that comprise the nonverbal signaling system. Grounded in the latest multidisciplinary research and theory, Nonverbal Communication strives to remain very practical, providing both information and application to aid in comprehension. [11]

Interpersonal adaptation theory

Developed in 1995 by Burgoon, Stern & Dillman, [12] "Interaction Adaptation Theory," this theory "predicts and explains how, when, and why people adapt to another's verbal and nonverbal communication (→ Nonverbal Communication and Culture) in similar or dissimilar ways. It focuses on how pairs of communicators – actors and their partners – coordinate their communication styles with one another in ongoing conversations. The process of interaction adaptation is complex, nonobvious, and at times invisible." [12]

Expectancy violations theory

Developed in 1978 by Burgoon, [13] this theory has its roots in Uncertainty Reduction Theory, which attempts to predict and explain how communication is used to reduce uncertainty among people involved in conversations with one another the last time they meet. Expectancy Violations Theory however proposes that unexpected behavior causes arousal and uncertainty in people, and people then look to explain the violation in order to better predict another's behavior. This theory assumes that there is only one truth and that the theory seeks to predict the outcomes that will result when violations are presented in certain situations [14] With this theory, Burgoon also builds upon anthropologist Edward T. Hall's previous work on proxemics and personal space. Violating someone's personal space, for example, violates the expectations of the receiving party which will "be perceived as either positively or negatively depending on the liking between the two people." [15] Burgoon suggests that nonverbal behavior is carefully tailored to conform to the communication rules of one's partner, while violating certain social norms and individual expectations may be "a superior strategy to conformity". [16]

Interpersonal deception theory

Developed in 1996 by Buller & Burgoon, [17] this theory describes how "communication senders attempt to manipulate messages so as to be untruthful, which may cause them apprehension concerning their false communication being detected. Simultaneously, communication receivers try to unveil or detect the validity of that information, causing suspicion about whether or not the sender is being deceitful." [18] This theory posits that one can detect when deception occurs from a sender's nonverbal cues. [19] A deceitful sender tends to show signs of nervousness and a well trained nonverbal communicator can detect these signs or signals of deception. [19]

Awards and honors

In 2006 Burgoon was honored by the International Communication Association (ICA) with the Steven H. Chaffee Career Productivity Award. [20]

The award regularly honors a scholar, or a small group of collaborating scholar, for "sustained work on a communication research problem over an extended period." [21] The ICA also states that "the selection committee favors research that is original, asks conceptually rich questions, and offers empirically sound evidence. The research must have comprised multiple projects and publications and generated second-generation work among students and other scholars." [21]

Along with the prize, Burgoon was awarded $1000 at the ICA's 56th annual international conference in Dresden, Germany. [20]

Burgoon has also been elected to the Society for Experimental Social Psychology, been named a Fellow of the International Communication Association, and has been awarded the National Communication Association's Distinguished Scholar Award for a lifetime of scholarly achievement, the Mark L. Knapp Award in Interpersonal Communication, and the Woolbert Research Award for Scholarship of Lasting Impact. In addition to her many achievements, a recent survey named her the most prolific female scholar in the field of communication of the 20th century. [1]

See also

Related Research Articles

Deception is an act or statement that misleads, hides the truth, or promotes a belief, concept, or idea that is not true. This occurs when a deceiver uses information against a person to make them believe an idea is true. Deception can be used with both verbal and nonverbal messages. The person creating the deception knows it to be false while the receiver of the message has a tendency to believe it. It is often done for personal gain or advantage. Deception can involve dissimulation, propaganda and sleight of hand as well as distraction, camouflage or concealment. There is also self-deception, as in bad faith. It can also be called, with varying subjective implications, beguilement, deceit, bluff, mystification, ruse, or subterfuge.

Expectancy violations theory (EVT) is a theory of communication that analyzes how individuals respond to unanticipated violations of social norms and expectations. The theory was proposed by Judee K. Burgoon in the late 1970s and continued through the 1980s and 1990s as "nonverbal expectancy violations theory", based on Burgoon's research studying proxemics. Burgoon's work initially analyzed individuals' allowances and expectations of personal distance and how responses to personal distance violations were influenced by the level of liking and relationship to the violators. The theory was later changed to its current name when other researchers began to focus on violations of social behavior expectations beyond nonverbal communication.

Surprise is a brief mental and physiological state, a startle response experienced by animals and humans as the result of an unexpected event. Surprise can have any valence; that is, it can be neutral/moderate, pleasant, unpleasant, positive, or negative. Surprise can occur in varying levels of intensity ranging from very-surprised, which may induce the fight-or-flight response, or little-surprise that elicits a less intense response to the stimuli.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chronemics</span> Study of the role of time in communication

Chronemics is an anthropological, philosophical, and linguistic subdiscipline that describes how time is perceived, coded, and communicated across a given culture. It is one of several subcategories to emerge from the study of nonverbal communication. According to the Encyclopedia of Special Education, "Chronemics includes time orientation, understanding and organisation, the use of and reaction to time pressures, the innate and learned awareness of time, by physically wearing or not wearing a watch, arriving, starting, and ending late or on time." A person's perception and values placed on time plays a considerable role in their communication process. The use of time can affect lifestyles, personal relationships, and work life. Across cultures, people usually have different time perceptions, and this can result in conflicts between individuals. Time perceptions include punctuality, interactions, and willingness to wait.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mark L. Knapp</span>

Mark L. Knapp is the Jesse H. Jones Centennial Professor Emeritus and a Distinguished Teaching Professor Emeritus at the University of Texas at Austin. He is internationally known for his research and writing on nonverbal communication and communication in developing relationships. He has also done research and published books on lying and deception. The Mark L. Knapp Award for career contributions to the study of interpersonal communication is awarded annually by the National Communication Association. The Mark L. Knapp Professorship, Moody College of Communication, University of Texas at Austin, was established in 2017.

Interpersonal deception theory (IDT) is one of a number of theories that attempts to explain how individuals handle actual deception at the conscious or subconscious level while engaged in face-to-face communication. The theory was put forth by David Buller and Judee Burgoon in 1996 to explore this idea that deception is an engaging process between receiver and deceiver. IDT assumes that communication is not static; it is influenced by personal goals and the meaning of the interaction as it unfolds. IDT is no different from other forms of communication since all forms of communication are adaptive in nature. The sender's overt communications are affected by the overt and covert communications of the receiver, and vice versa. IDT explores the interrelation between the sender's communicative meaning and the receiver's thoughts and behavior in deceptive exchanges.

Identity negotiation refers to the processes through which people reach agreements regarding "who is who" in their relationships. Once these agreements are reached, people are expected to remain faithful to the identities they have agreed to assume. The process of identity negotiation thus establishes what people can expect of one another. Identity negotiation thus provides the interpersonal "glue" that holds relationships together.

Language expectancy theory (LET) is a theory of persuasion. The theory assumes language is a rules-based system, in which people develop expected norms as to appropriate language usage in given situations. Furthermore, unexpected linguistic usage can affect the receiver's behavior resulting from attitudes towards a persuasive message.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Social information processing (theory)</span>

Social information processing theory, also known as SIP, is a psychological and sociological theory originally developed by Salancik and Pfeffer in 1978. This theory explores how individuals make decisions and form attitudes in a social context, often focusing on the workplace. It suggests that people rely heavily on the social information available to them in their environments, including input from colleagues and peers, to shape their attitudes, behaviors, and perceptions.

The hyperpersonal model is a model of interpersonal communication that suggests computer-mediated communication (CMC) can become hyperpersonal because it "exceeds [face-to-face] interaction", thus affording message senders a host of communicative advantages over traditional face-to-face (FtF) interaction. The hyperpersonal model demonstrates how individuals communicate uniquely, while representing themselves to others, how others interpret them, and how the interactions create a reciprocal spiral of FtF communication. Compared to ordinary FtF situations, a hyperpersonal message sender has a greater ability to strategically develop and edit self-presentation, enabling a selective and optimized presentation of one's self to others.

Cognitive valence theory (CVT) is a theoretical framework that describes and explains the process of intimacy exchange within a dyad relationship. Peter A. Andersen, PhD created the cognitive valence theory to answer questions regarding intimacy relationships among colleagues, close friends and intimate friends, married couples and family members. Intimacy or immediacy behavior is that behavior that provides closeness or distance within a dyad relationship. Closeness projects a positive feeling in a relationship, and distance projects a negative feeling within a relationship. Intimacy or immediacy behavior can be negatively valenced or positively valenced. Valence, associated with physics, is used here to describe the degree of negativity or positivity in expected information. If your partner perceives your actions as negative, then the interaction may repel your partner away from you. If your partner perceives your actions as positive, then the interaction may be accepted and may encourage closeness. Affection and intimacy promotes positive valence in a relationship. CVT uses non-verbal and verbal communications criteria to analyze behavioral situations.

Interpersonaladaptation theory (IAT) is often referred to as a theory of theories. Several theories have been developed to provide frameworks as explanations of social interactions. After reviewing and examining various communication theories and previous empirical evidence pertaining to interpersonal communication, a need to address ways in which individuals adapt to one another in interactions became apparent. The importance of observing both sides of a dyadic interaction lead to the development of the interpersonal adaptation theory. The theory states, individuals enter interactions with expectations, requirements, and desires, which combined establish an interaction position. Once the interaction begins, the difference between interaction position and the other party's actual behavior determines whether the individual will adapt and continue the communication positively or not.

Relational transgressions occur when people violate implicit or explicit relational rules. These transgressions include a wide variety of behaviors. The boundaries of relational transgressions are permeable. Betrayal for example, is often used as a synonym for a relational transgression. In some instances, betrayal can be defined as a rule violation that is traumatic to a relationship, and in other instances as destructive conflict or reference to infidelity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Interpersonal communication</span> Exchange of information among people

Interpersonal communication is an exchange of information between two or more people. It is also an area of research that seeks to understand how humans use verbal and nonverbal cues to accomplish several personal and relational goals. Communication includes utilizing communication skills within one's surroundings, including physical and psychological spaces. It is essential to see the visual/nonverbal and verbal cues regarding the physical spaces. In the psychological spaces, self-awareness and awareness of the emotions, cultures, and things that are not seen are also significant when communicating.

Joseph B. Walther is the Mark and Susan Bertelsen Presidential Chair in Technology and Society and the Director of the Center for Information Technology & Society at the University of California, Santa Barbara. His research focuses on social and interpersonal dynamics of computer-mediated communication, in groups, personal relationships, organizational and educational settings. He is noted for creating social information processing theory in 1992 and the hyperpersonal model in 1996.

Affiliative conflict theory (ACT) is a social psychological approach that encompasses interpersonal communication and has a background in nonverbal communication. This theory postulates that "people have competing needs or desires for intimacy and autonomy". In any relationship, people will negotiate and try to rationalize why they are acting the way they are in order to maintain a comfortable level of intimacy.

Social Mirror Theory (SMT) states that people are not capable of self-reflection without taking into consideration a peer's interpretation of the experience. In other words, people define and resolve their internal musings through other's viewpoint. SMT's background is derived from the 1800s from concepts related to the study of public opinion and social interaction by Wilhelm Dilthey, the German philosopher and sociologist.

Nonverbal influence is the act of affecting or inspiring change in others' behaviors and attitudes by way of tone of voice or body language and other cues like facial expression. This act of getting others to embrace or resist new attitudes can be achieved with or without the use of spoken language. It is a subtopic of nonverbal communication. Many individuals instinctively associate persuasion with verbal messages. Nonverbal influence emphasizes the persuasive power and influence of nonverbal communication. Nonverbal influence includes appeals to attraction, similarity and intimacy.

Truth-default theory (TDT) is a communication theory which predicts and explains the use of veracity and deception detection in humans. It was developed upon the discovery of the veracity effect - whereby the proportion of truths versus lies presented in a judgement study on deception will drive accuracy rates. This theory gets its name from its central idea which is the truth-default state. This idea suggests that people presume others to be honest because they either don't think of deception as a possibility during communicating or because there is insufficient evidence that they are being deceived. Emotions, arousal, strategic self-presentation, and cognitive effort are nonverbal behaviors that one might find in deception detection. Ultimately this theory predicts that speakers and listeners will default to use the truth to achieve their communicative goals. However, if the truth presents a problem, then deception will surface as a viable option for goal attainment.

Motivation impairment effect (MIE) is a hypothesised behavioral effect relating to the communication of deception. The MIE posits that people who are highly motivated to deceive are less successful in their goal when their speech and mannerisms are observed by the intended audience. This is because their nonverbal cues, such as adaptor gestures, sweating, kinesic behaviors, verbal disfluencies, etc, tend to be more pronounced due to increased stress, cognitive load, and heightened emotional state. There is some disagreement regarding the MIE hypothesis, with a few nonverbal communication scholars arguing that deception should not be examined as separate for senders and receivers, but rather as an integral part of the overall process.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Borders National Center for Border Control and Immigration".
  2. ↑ "Nonverbal Communication". OU Faculty-Staff Web Server.
  3. ↑ Signorielli, Nancy. "Women in Communication: A Biographical Sourcebook". Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1996, p. 41.
  4. 1 2 "Judee Burgoon". Eller College Home. Archived from the original on April 26, 2014.
  5. ↑ At a time of increased social usage of net and collaborative applications, a robust and detailed theory of social presence could contribute to our understanding of social behavior in mediated environments, allow researchers to predict and measure differences among media interfaces, and guide the design of new social environments and interfaces. A broader theory of social presence can guide more valid and reliable measures.interactions",
  6. ↑ Robb, A.; Lok, B. "Social presence in mixed agency interactions", Virtual Reality (VR), 2014 iEEE,
  7. ↑ Griffin, E. (2009). Interview with Burgoon about Expectancy Violations Theory. In a CD-ROM accompanying A First Look at Communication Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  8. ↑ "Distinguished Scholar Award". National Communication Association. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
  9. ↑ "Mark L. Knapp Award in Interpersonal Communication". National Communication Association. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
  10. ↑ "The Remarkable Judee Burgoon". nthompson3. November 10, 2012. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
  11. ↑ Burgoon, J. K.; Guerrero, L. K.; Floyd, K. (2009). Nonverbal Communication. Pearson. ISBN   9780205525003. Archived from the original on April 12, 2015.
  12. 1 2 Burgoon, J. K.; Stern, L. A. & Dillman, L. (2007). Interpersonal adaptation: Dyadic interaction patterns. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  13. ↑ Burgoon, J.K. (1978). "A communication model of personal space violations: Explication and an initial test". Human Communication Research. 4 (2): 129–142. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1978.tb00603.x.
  14. ↑ Griffin, E. (2009). "Expectancy Violations Theory". A First Look at Communication Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  15. ↑ "Expectancy Violation Theory". University of Kentucky. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
  16. ↑ Burgoon, J.K. & Hale, J. (1988). "Nonverbal expectancy violations: Model elaboration and application to immediacy behaviors". Communication Monographs. 55 (1): 58–79. doi:10.1080/03637758809376158.
  17. ↑ Buller D.B. & Burgoon, J.K. (1996). "Interpersonal deception theory". Communication Theory. 6 (3): 203–242. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.1996.tb00127.x. S2CID   146464264.
  18. ↑ "Interpersonal Deception". University of Kentucky. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
  19. 1 2 Griffin, E. (2009). "Interpersonal Deception Theory". A First Look at Communication Theory (PDF). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  20. 1 2 "Communication Professor Honored". Archived from the original on February 19, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  21. 1 2 "ICA Newsletter".

Selected publications

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