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The Communist International (Comintern), also known as the Third International, was an international organization founded in 1919 that advocated world communism, and which was led and controlled by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Comintern resolved at its Second Congress in 1920 to "struggle by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and the creation of an international soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the state". The Comintern was preceded by the dissolution of the Second International in 1916. Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, and Joseph Stalin were all honorary presidents of the Communist International.
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Karl August Wittfogel was a German-American playwright, historian, and sinologist. He was originally a Marxist and an active member of the Communist Party of Germany, but after the Second World War, he was an equally fierce anticommunist.
Wilhelm Münzenberg was a German Communist political activist and publisher.
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Karl Heinrich Otto Rühle was a German Marxist active in opposition to both the First and Second World Wars as well as a council communist theorist.
Paul Levi was a German communist and social democratic political leader. He was the head of the Communist Party of Germany following the assassination of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht in 1919. After being expelled for publicly criticising Communist Party tactics during the March Action, he formed the Communist Working Organisation which in 1922 merged with the Independent Social Democratic Party. This party, in turn, merged with the Social Democratic Party a few months later and Levi became one of the leaders of its left wing.
Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung or AIZ was a German illustrated magazine published between 1924 and March 1933 in Berlin, and afterward in Prague and finally Paris until 1938. Anti-Fascism and pro-Communism in stance, it was published by Willi Münzenberg and is best remembered for the propagandistic photomontages of John Heartfield.
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Karl Kreibich, also known as Karel Kreibich, was a Sudeten German communist politician and author in Czechoslovakia. Kreibich emerged as the main leader of the revolutionary socialist movement amongst German workers in Bohemia after the First World War. He was a leader of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and a functionary of the Communist International. During the First Czechoslovak Republic, he was elected to parliament thrice. During the Second World War he was part of the exiled Czechoslovak State Council, based in London. After the war he served as Czechoslovak ambassador to the Soviet Union.
Emil Unfried was a German communist politician. He served in various capacities in the Communist Party until 1924. Then he involved in film industry. He resumed his political activity in the Communist Party in 1945. However, the same year he was detained by the Soviets and died in a special camp in Sachsenhausen in 1949.
The Junius Pamphlet was a text written by Rosa Luxemburg in 1915 while she was in prison, against the brutality of the First World War. The actual title of the work was The Crisis of German Social Democracy but she used the pen-name “Junius” to avoid prosecution, and this became the basis of the work's popular name. The name “Junius” was apparently a reference to Lucius Junius Brutus, a hero of the Roman Republic. The pseudonym also echoed a name used to sign political polemics against King George III of England, known as the Letters of Junius.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Helmut Gruber (September 1966). "Willi Münzenberg's German Communist Propaganda Empire 1921-1933". The Journal of Modern History. 38 (3): 281. doi:10.1086/239912. S2CID 145096197.
- 1 2 3 John Riddell, ed. (2015). To the Masses. Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921. Vol. 91. Leiden; Boston: Brill. p. 1230. doi:10.1163/9789004288034_038. ISBN 9789004288034.
- 1 2 "Lenin – The Military Programme of the Proletarian Revolution". The Communists. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
- ↑ Károly Kókai (November–December 2017). "The Communist International and the Contribution of Georg Lukács in the 1920s". Social Scientist. 45 (11–12): 65. JSTOR 26405282.
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