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Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic depression, is a mental disorder characterized by periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood that each last from days to weeks. If the elevated mood is severe or associated with psychosis, it is called mania; if it is less severe and does not significantly affect functioning, it is called hypomania. During mania, an individual behaves or feels abnormally energetic, happy, or irritable, and they often make impulsive decisions with little regard for the consequences. There is usually, but not always, a reduced need for sleep during manic phases. During periods of depression, the individual may experience crying, have a negative outlook on life, and demonstrate poor eye contact with others. The risk of suicide is high. Over a period of 20 years, 6% of those with bipolar disorder died by suicide. 40-50% overall and 78% of adolescents engaged in self-harm. Other mental health issues, such as anxiety disorders and substance use disorders, are commonly associated with bipolar disorder. The global prevalence of bipolar disorder is estimated to be between 1–5% of the world's population.
A mental disorder is an impairment of the mind disrupting normal thinking, feeling, mood, behavior, or social interactions, and accompanied by significant distress or dysfunction. The causes of mental disorders are very complex and vary depending on the particular disorder and the individual. Although the causes of most mental disorders are not fully understood, researchers have identified a variety of biological, psychological, and environmental factors that can contribute to the development or progression of mental disorders. Most mental disorders result in a combination of several different factors rather than just a single factor.
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a mood disorder subset in which people who typically have normal mental health throughout most of the year exhibit depressive symptoms at the same time each year. It is commonly, but not always, associated with the reductions or increases in total daily sunlight hours that occur during the winter or summer.
Vasopressin V1b receptor (V1BR) also known as vasopressin 3 receptor (VPR3) or antidiuretic hormone receptor 1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AVPR1B gene.
Interferon regulatory factor 6 also known as IRF6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRF6 gene.
Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) is a syndromic autosomal dominant disorder where affected individuals can exhibit numerous epilepsy phenotypes. GEFS+ can persist beyond early childhood. GEFS+ is also now believed to encompass three other epilepsy disorders: severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy (SMEI), which is also known as Dravet's syndrome, borderline SMEI (SMEB), and intractable epilepsy of childhood (IEC). There are at least six types of GEFS+, delineated by their causative gene. Known causative gene mutations are in the sodium channel α subunit genes SCN1A, an associated β subunit SCN1B, and in a GABAA receptor γ subunit gene, in GABRG2 and there is another gene related with calcium channel the PCDH19 which is also known as Epilepsy Female with Mental Retardation. Penetrance for this disorder is estimated at 60%.
Christine Van Broeckhoven is a Belgian molecular biologist and professor in Molecular genetics at the University of Antwerp. She is also leading the VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp of the Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB). Christine Van Broeckhoven does research on Alzheimer dementia, bipolar mental disorders and other neurological diseases. Since 1983 she has had her own laboratory for molecular genetics at the University of Antwerp, and since 2005 is focussing her research on neurodegenerative brain diseases. She is an associate editor of the scientific journal Genes, Brain and Behavior.
SK3 also known as KCa2.3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNN3 gene.
Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) is an isozyme of tryptophan hydroxylase found in vertebrates. In humans, TPH2 is primarily expressed in the serotonergic neurons of the brain, with the highest expression in the raphe nucleus of the midbrain. Until the discovery of TPH2 in 2003, serotonin levels in the central nervous system were believed to be regulated by serotonin synthesis in peripheral tissues, in which tryptophan hydroxylase is the dominant form.
Wolframin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WFS1 gene.
Cav1.1 also known as the calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L type, alpha 1S subunit, (CACNA1S), is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CACNA1S gene. It is also known as CACNL1A3 and the dihydropyridine receptor.
Vincent Timmerman is a Belgian scientist working at the VIB Department of Molecular Genetics at the University of Antwerp of Christine Van Broeckhoven. His research is focused on inherited disorders of the peripheral nervous system, classified as hereditary motor and/or sensory neuropathies and the most common inherited peripheral neuropathy is Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease or Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy (HMSN).
Sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B(0)AT1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A19 gene.
Rs6265, also called Val66Met or G196A, is a gene variation, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the BDNF gene that codes for brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 3B, also known as HTR3B, is a human gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the 5-HT3 receptor.
Neuronal growth regulator 1 also known as NEGR1 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the NEGR1 gene.
Mega2 is a data manipulation software for applied statistical genetics. Mega is an acronym for Manipulation Environment for Genetic Analysis.
Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, alpha 2/delta subunit 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CACNA2D4 gene.
AUTS2, activator of transcription and developmental regulator is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AUTS2 gene.
Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of manic (elevated) and depressed mood. While the exact cause and mechanism of bipolar disorder remain unknown, ongoing research focuses on uncovering its biological origins. Although no single gene has been identified as the cause, numerous genes are associated with an increased risk of developing the disorder. Gene-environment interactions are also believed to play a role in predisposing individuals to bipolar disorder.
References
- ↑ Venken, T; Del-Favero, J (December 2007). "Chasing genes for mood disorders and schizophrenia in genetically isolated populations". Hum Mutat. 28 (12): 1156–70. doi:10.1002/humu.20582. PMID 17659644. S2CID 36476689.
- ↑ Del-Favero, J; Gestel, SV; Børglum, AD; Muir, W; Ewald, H; Mors, O; Ivezic, S; Oruc, L; Adolfsson, R; Blackwood, D; Kruse, T; Mendlewicz, J; Schalling, M; Van Broeckhoven, C (April 2002). "European combined analysis of the CTG18.1 and the ERDA1 CAG/CTG repeats in bipolar disorder". Eur J Hum Genet. 10 (4): 276–80. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200803 .
- ↑ Weckx, S; De Rijk, P; Van Broeckhoven, C; Del-Favero, J (February 2005). "SNPbox: a modular software package for large-scale primer design". Bioinformatics. 21 (3): 385–7. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bti006. PMID 15347573.
- ↑ Van Den Bogaert, A; Sleegers, K; De Zutter, S; Heyrman, L; Norrback, K; Adolfsson, R; Van Broeckhoven, C; Del-Favero, J (2006). "Association of Brain-Specific Tryptophan Hydroxylase, TPH2, With Unipolar and Bipolar Disorder in a Northern Swedish, Isolated Population". Arch Gen Psychiatry. 63 (10): 1103–10. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.10.1103. PMID 17015812.
- ↑ Venken, T; Claes, S; Sluijs, S; Paterson; van Duijn, C; Adolfsson, R; Del-Favero, J; Van Broeckhoven, C (2005). "Genomewide scan for affective disorder susceptibility Loci in families of a northern Swedish isolated population". Am J Hum Genet. 76 (2): 237–248. doi:10.1086/427836. PMC 1196369 . PMID 15614721.
- ↑ Researchers lift a corner of the veil of Depression [ permanent dead link ]
