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Dreadlocks, also known as dreads or locs, are a hairstyle made of rope-like strands of hair. This is done by not combing the hair and allowing the hair to mat naturally or by twisting it manually. Over time the hair will form tight braids or ringlets.
The Herero Wars were a series of colonial wars between the German Empire and the Herero people of German South West Africa. They took place between 1904 and 1908.
The Sharpeville massacre occurred on 21 March 1960 at the police station in the township of Sharpeville in the then Transvaal Province of the then Union of South Africa. After demonstrating against anti-black pass laws, a crowd of about 7,000 black protesters went to the police station. Sources disagree as to the behaviour of the crowd: some state that the crowd was peaceful, while others state that the crowd had been hurling stones at the police and that the mood had turned "ugly". The South African Police (SAP) opened fire on the crowd when the crowd started advancing toward the fence around the police station; tear-gas had proved ineffectual. There were 249 victims in total, including 29 children, with 69 people killed and 180 injured. Some were shot in the back as they fled.
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Melina Abdullah is an American academic and civic leader. She is the former chair of the department of Pan-African Studies at California State University, Los Angeles, and is a co-founder of the Los Angeles chapter of Black Lives Matter and Black Lives Matter Grassroots, where she is also the co-director.
The Cambridge movement was an American social movement in Dorchester County, Maryland, led by Gloria Richardson and the Cambridge Nonviolent Action Committee. Protests continued from late 1961 to the summer of 1964. The movement led to the desegregation of all schools, recreational areas, and hospitals in Maryland and the longest period of martial law within the United States since 1877. Many cite it as the birth of the Black Power movement.
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Pumla Dineo Gqola is a South African academic, writer, and gender activist, best known for her 2015 book Rape: A South African Nightmare, which won the 2016 Alan Paton Award. She is a professor of literature at Nelson Mandela University, where she holds the South African Research Chair in African Feminist Imaginations.
References
- ↑ Bundy, Diane Brooks (2020). Let the Women Keep Silent in the Churches. Page Publishing. ISBN 9781645442172 . Retrieved 1 October 2020.
- ↑ Kinni, Fongot Kini-Yen (2015). Pan-Africanism: Political Philosophy and Socio-Economic Anthropology for African Liberation and Governance: Caribbean and African American Contributions (Chapter 3 Gender Consciousness and Pro-Agency: Black Women Feminist Suffragettes and Civil Rights Activists in The U.S.A. and The Spread of Pan-Africanism). Langaa RPCIG. JSTOR j.ctvh9vw4r.9 . Retrieved 1 October 2020.
- ↑ Clarke, John Henrik (2002). ""The Cultural Unity of Negro Africa...": A Reappraisal Cheikh Anta Diop Opens Another Door to African History". Présence Africaine. 165/16 (165/166): 53–64. doi:10.3917/presa.165.0053. JSTOR 43617128 . Retrieved 1 October 2020.
- ↑ "UN Security Council Report 4208th meeting Tuesday, 24 October 2000" (PDF). United Nations Security Council. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
- ↑ Ndlovu, Sifiso Mxolisi. "The Cambridge Companion to Nelson Mandela; Chapter 8: Mandela's Presidential Years: An Africanist View". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
- ↑ Joseph, Gloria I.; Lewis, Jill (1981). Common Differences: Conflicts in Black and White Feminist Perspectives. New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday. p. 88.
Other outstanding women who helped to mount offensives against the colonial system throughout Africa.
- ↑ Salmonson, Jessica Amanda (1992). The Encyclopedia of Amazons: Women Warriors from Antiquity to the Modern Era. University of Michigan. p. 139. ISBN 9780385423663 . Retrieved 4 October 2020.
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