Related Research Articles
Substance abuse,also known as drug abuse,is the use of a drug in amounts or by methods which are harmful to the individual or others. It is a form of substance-related disorder. Differing definitions of drug abuse are used in public health,medical and criminal justice contexts. In some cases,criminal or anti-social behaviour occurs when the person is under the influence of a drug,and long-term personality changes in individuals may also occur. In addition to possible physical,social,and psychological harm,the use of some drugs may also lead to criminal penalties,although these vary widely depending on the local jurisdiction.
Antisocial personality disorder is a personality disorder characterized by a long-term pattern of disregard of,or violation of,the rights of others as well as a difficulty sustaining long-term relationships. Lack of empathy is often apparent,as well as a history of rule-breaking that can sometimes include law-breaking,a tendency towards substance abuse,and impulsive and aggressive behavior. Antisocial behaviors often have their onset before the age of 8,and in nearly 80% of ASPD cases,the subject will develop their first symptoms by age 11. The prevalence of ASPD peaks in people age 24 to 44 years old,and often decreases in people age 45 to 64 years. In the United States,the rate of antisocial personality disorder in the general population is estimated between 0.5 and 3.5 percent. In a study,a random sampling of 320 newly incarcerated offenders found ASPD was present in over 35 percent of those surveyed.
Stimulant psychosis is a mental disorder characterized by psychotic symptoms which involves and typically occurs following an overdose or several day 'binge' on psychostimulants;however,it has also been reported to occur in approximately 0.1% of individuals,within the first several weeks after starting amphetamine or methylphenidate therapy. Methamphetamine psychosis,or long-term effects of stimulant use in the brain,depend upon genetics and may persist for some time.
Polysubstance use or poly drug use or refers to the use of combined psychoactive substances. Polysubstance use may be used for entheogenic,recreational,or off-label indications,with both legal and illegal substances. In many cases one drug is used as a base or primary drug,with additional drugs to leaven or compensate for the side effects,or tolerance,of the primary drug and make the experience more enjoyable with drug synergy effects,or to supplement for primary drug when supply is low.
Marc Galanter is Professor of Psychiatry at New York University School of Medicine and has served as the Founding Director of the Division of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse. His studies have addressed family therapy for substance abuse,pharmacologic treatment for addiction,and Twelve Step recovery for addiction. He is an author of over 200 peer-reviewed articles.
Nora Volkow is a Mexican-American psychiatrist. She is currently the director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA),which is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Cocaine dependence is a neurological disorder that is characterized by withdrawal symptoms upon cessation from cocaine use. It also often coincides with cocaine addiction which is a biopsychosocial disorder characterized by persistent use of cocaine and/or crack despite substantial harm and adverse consequences. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,classifies problematic cocaine use as a "Stimulant use disorder". The International Classification of Diseases,includes "Cocaine dependence" as a classification (diagnosis) under "Disorders due to use of cocaine”.
Substance abuse prevention,also known as drug abuse prevention,is a process that attempts to prevent the onset of substance use or limit the development of problems associated with using psychoactive substances. Prevention efforts may focus on the individual or their surroundings. A concept that is known as "environmental prevention" focuses on changing community conditions or policies so that the availability of substances is reduced as well as the demand. Individual Substance Abuse Prevention,also known as drug abuse prevention involves numerous amounts of different sessions depending on the individual to help cease or reduce the use of substances. The time period to help a specific individual can vary based upon many aspects of an individual. The type of Prevention efforts should be based upon the individual's necessities which can also vary. Substance use prevention efforts typically focus on minors and young adults –especially between 12–35 years of age. Substances typically targeted by preventive efforts include alcohol,tobacco,marijuana,inhalants,coke,methamphetamine,steroids,club drugs,and opioids. Community advocacy against substance use is imperative due to the significant increase in opioid overdoses in the United States alone. It has been estimated that about one hundred and thirty individuals continue to lose their lives daily due to opioid overdoses alone.
Martin Paul Kafka is an American psychiatrist best known for his work on sex offenders,paraphilias and what he calls "paraphilia-related disorders" such as sex addiction and hypersexuality.
Polysubstance dependence refers to a type of substance use disorder in which an individual uses at least three different classes of substances indiscriminately and does not have a favorite substance that qualifies for dependence on its own. Although any combination of three substances can be used,studies have shown that alcohol is commonly used with another substance. This is supported by one study on polysubstance use that separated participants who used multiple substances into groups based on their preferred substance. The results of a longitudinal study on substance use led the researchers to observe that excessively using or relying on one substance increased the probability of excessively using or relying on another substance.
California Society of Addiction Medicine (CSAM) is the California organization of physicians who specialize in treating addiction. Addiction medicine is the medical specialty that provides care and treatment for people with substance use disorder. It includes both pharmaceutical and behavioral treatments and aligns with other specialties including public health,psychiatry and internal medicine. CSAM was founded in 1973,and has been a State Chapter of the American Society of Addiction Medicine since 1989.
Substance use disorder (SUD) is the persistent use of drugs despite substantial harm and adverse consequences as a result of their use. Substance use disorders are characterized by an array of mental/emotional,physical,and behavioral problems such as chronic guilt;an inability to reduce or stop consuming the substance(s) despite repeated attempts;driving while intoxicated;and physiological withdrawal symptoms. Drug classes that are involved in SUD include:alcohol;cannabis;phencyclidine and other hallucinogens,such as arylcyclohexylamines;inhalants;opioids;sedatives,hypnotics,or anxiolytics;stimulants;tobacco;and other or unknown substances.
Addiction psychiatry is a medical subspecialty within psychiatry that focuses on the evaluation,diagnosis,and treatment of people who have one or more disorders related to addiction. This may include disorders involving legal and illegal drugs,gambling,sex,food,and other impulse control disorders. Addiction psychiatrists are substance use disorder experts. Growing amounts of scientific knowledge,such as the health effects and treatments for substance use disorders,have led to advancements in the field of addiction psychiatry. These advancements in understanding the neurobiology of rewarding behavior,along with federal funding,has allowed for ample opportunity for research in the discipline of addiction psychiatry. Addiction psychiatry is an expanding field,and currently there is a high demand for substance use disorder experts in both the private and public sector.
Mark S. Gold is an American physician,professor,author,and researcher on the effects of opioids,cocaine,tobacco,and other drugs as well as food on the brain and behavior. He is married to Janice Finn Gold.
Michael J. Kuhar,is an American neuroscientist,author,and Candler Professor of Neuropharmacology at The Yerkes National Primate Research Center of Emory University. He is a Georgia Research Alliance eminent scholar,and a senior fellow in the Center for Ethics at Emory. He was previously a professor at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and branchchief at the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Stimulant use disorder is a type of substance use disorder that involves the non-medical use of stimulants. It is defined in the DSM-5 as "the continued use of amphetamine-type substances,cocaine,or other stimulants leading to clinically significant impairment or distress,from mild to severe". These psychoactive drugs,known as stimulants,are the most widely used drugs in the world today. Approximately 200 million Americans have used some type of stimulant in the past year alone.
Kathleen Ries Merikangas is the Chief of the Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch in the Intramural Research Program at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and an adjunct professor of epidemiology at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. She has published more than 300 papers,and is best known for her work in adolescent mental disorders.
Shelly B. Flagel is an American behavioral neuroscientist whose research focuses on the underlying brain mechanisms of reward and addiction. She is an associate professor of psychiatry in the Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute at the University of Michigan.
Mary Kay Lobo is an American psychiatric neuroscientist who is a Professor of Neurobiology at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. Her research considers the molecular mechanisms that underpin drug addiction and depression. She was named a finalist in the 2011 Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists.
Marina Elizabeth Wolf is an American neuroscientist and Professor of Behavioral Neuroscience at Oregon Health &Science University. Previously she served as Professor and Chair of the Department of Neuroscience in the Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine &Science. She has been a pioneer in studying the role of neuronal plasticity in drug addiction. Her laboratory is particularly interested in understanding why individuals recovering from substance use disorder remain vulnerable to drug craving and relapse even after long periods of abstinence.
References
- ↑ "Brady, Kathleen, 1952-". id.loc.gov. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
- ↑ Rasmussen, Frederick N. (August 2, 2011). "Dr. Joseph Vincent Brady, behavioral neuroscientist, dies". Baltimore Sun . Retrieved May 22, 2021.
- 1 2 3 Kettlewell, Caroline (January 10, 2020). "Medical school alumna has brought 'humane understanding' to addiction research for three decades". vcu.edu. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
- ↑ Brazell, Dawn (June 10, 2011). "Top-funded researcher taps into passion". depthtml.musc.edu. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
- ↑ Swan, Neil (August 1, 1997). "Gender Affects Relationships Between Drug Abuse and Psychiatric Disorders". archives.drugabuse.gov. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
- ↑ "Dr. Kathleen T. Brady Recognized". archives.drugabuse.gov. December 1, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
- ↑ "NIDA announces 2012 SCOR Awards for research on gender differences". archives.drugabuse.gov. November 1, 2012. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
- ↑ "Dr. Kathleen Brady Appointed VP for Research". muschealth.org. 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
- ↑ "The Peggy Schachte Research Mentor Award". education.musc.edu. 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
