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The Egyptian Crisis was a period that started with the Egyptian revolution of 2011 and ended with the beginning of the presidency of Abdel Fattah el-Sisi in 2014. It was a tumultuous three years of political and social unrest,characterized by mass protests,a series of popular elections,deadly clashes,and military reinforcement. The events have had a lasting effect on the country's current course,its political system and its society.
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The 30 June protests occurred in Egypt on 30 June 2013,marking the one-year anniversary of Mohamed Morsi's inauguration as president. The events ended with the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état after mass protests across Egypt demanding the immediate resignation of the president. The rallies were partly a response to Tamarod,an ostensibly grassroots movement that launched a petition in April 2013,calling for Morsi and his government to step down. Tamarod claimed to have collected more than 22 million signatures for their petition by June 30,although this figure was not verified by independent sources. A counter-campaign in support of Morsi's presidency,named Tagarod,claimed to have collected 26 million signatures by the same date,but this figure was also unverified and not mentioned in media nearly as much as Tamarod's,with no reliable sources repeating it. The movements in opposition to Morsi culminated in the June 30 protests that occurred across the country. According to the Egyptian military,which calculated the number of protesters via helicopter scans of demonstration perimeters across the country,the June 30 protests had 32 million protesters,making them "the biggest protests in Egypt's history." However,independent observers raised concerns that the Egyptian government exaggerated the actual number of anti-Morsi protestors,with some research determining that only around one to two million people protested across the country against Morsi.
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Mahmoud Badr is an Egyptian activist and journalist. He co-founded the Tamarod ("Rebel") movement and serves as its official spokesman and one of its principal leaders. Tamarod claimed to have gathered millions of signatures,that were never independently verified,demanding the resignation of Egyptian president Mohamed Morsi,and organized mass protests which preceded the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état removing Morsi from power. Recent audio tapes secretly recorded in the offices of the deputy ministers to Al-Sisi –and authenticated by independent expert analysis from France –establish the movement as an arm of the military coup. Senior officials of the coup are heard on the tapes bragging about how good they were at falsifying evidence against Morsi,at forgery and at torture. The list of plotters included Deputy Defense Minister Mamdouh Shaheen and Gen. Abbas Kamel,the chief of staff to Gen. Abdel Fattah el-Sisi,the top military commander regarded as the mastermind behind the coup.
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Mayada Ashraf,an Egyptian journalist for Al-Dostour in Cairo,Egypt,was killed by gunfire while covering the protest against the government of President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi by supporters of ousted President Mohamed Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt in the Ain Shams district of east Cairo. Ashraf was confirmed to have been fatally shot in the back of her head killing her on the scene. Her funeral was held on March 29,2014,in Estanhaa Village at El Monotia.
Diaa Rashwan is an Egyptian journalist,politician and the current Chairman of the State Information Service. Rashwan graduated from Cairo University in 1981 with a Bachelor's degree in political science from Cairo University,he also received a Master's degree in the same field from the Paris based Sorbonne University in 1985. Rashwan began his career in Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies in the early 1980s as a researcher and has been an expert scholar over there since then and many years later in 2011 he became the Director of the Center.
The 2019 Egyptian protests were mass protests in Cairo,Alexandria,Damietta and other cities on 20,21 and 27 September 2019 in which the protestors called for President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi to be removed from power. Security forces responded with tear gas,rubber bullets and,as of 23 October 2019,4300 arbitrary arrests had been made,based on data from the Egyptian Center for Economic and Social Rights,the Egyptian Commission for Rights and Freedoms,the Arabic Network for Human Rights Information,among which 111 were minors according to Amnesty International and the Belady Foundation. Prominent arrestees included human rights lawyer Mahienour el-Massry,journalist and former leader of the Constitution Party Khaled Dawoud and two professors of political science at Cairo University,Hazem Hosny and Hassan Nafaa. The wave of arrests was the biggest in Egypt since Sisi formally became president in 2014.
References
- ↑ Al-Dostour Party designates Khaled Dawoud as new president, 26 January 2017, retrieved 1 February 2018– via Daily News Egypt
- 1 2 Khaled Dawoud resigns as head of Egypt's Dostour party, 13 May 2018, retrieved 18 April 2019– via Ahram Online
- ↑ "Hala Shukrallah's term as Constitution Party leader ends". Ahram Online. 24 April 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
- ↑ Egypt opposition urges voters to reject constitutional amendments, 18 April 2019, retrieved 18 April 2019– via Al Jazeera
- ↑ Kouddous, Sharif Abdel (October 2013), What Happened to Egypt's Liberals After the Coup? , retrieved 10 December 2013– via The Nation
- ↑ NSF says Egypt facing attempts by Muslim Brotherhood to overthrew state, 19 August 2013, retrieved 23 December 2013– via Ahram Online
- ↑ Constitution Party's Khaled Dawoud stabbed by 'pro-Morsi protesters', 4 October 2013, retrieved 23 December 2013– via Ahram Online
- ↑ "Egypt arrests prominent critics of Sisi with 1,400 detained since Friday protests". Middle East Eye . 25 September 2019. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
- ↑ "Egyptian journalist Khaled Dawoud freed from jail". Al Jazeera . 13 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
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