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Chishtī Muʿīn al-Dīn Ḥasan Sijzī (1143–1236), known more commonly as Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī or Moinuddin Chishti, or by the epithet Gharib Nawaz, or reverently as Shaykh Muʿīn al-Dīn or Khwāja Muʿīn al-Dīn, was a Sunni Muslim preacher, ascetic, religious scholar, philosopher and mystic from Sistan, who eventually ended up settling in the Indian subcontinent in the early 13th-century, where he promulgated the famous Chishtiyya order of Sunni mysticism. This particular tariqa (order) became the dominant Islamic spiritual order in medieval India. Most of the Indian Sunni saints are Chishti in their affiliation, including Nizamuddin Awliya and Amir Khusrow.
Attock, formerly known as Campbellpur, is a city located in Punjab, Pakistan, not far from the country's capital Islamabad. It is the headquarters of the Attock District and is 36th largest city in the Punjab and 61st largest city in the country, by population. The city was founded in 1908 several miles southeast of the historical city of Attock Khurd, which had been established by the Mughal Emperor Akbar in the 16th century, and was initially named in honour of Sir Colin Campbell.
Mughal architecture is the type of Indo-Islamic architecture developed by the Mughals in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries throughout the ever-changing extent of their empire in the Indian subcontinent. It developed from the architectural styles of earlier Muslim dynasties in India and from Iranian and Central Asian architectural traditions, particularly Timurid architecture. It also further incorporated and syncretized influences from wider Indian architecture, especially during the reign of Akbar. Mughal buildings have a uniform pattern of structure and character, including large bulbous domes, slender minarets at the corners, massive halls, large vaulted gateways, and delicate ornamentation; examples of the style can be found in modern-day Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan.
Anarkali is a legendary woman said to be loved by the 16th-century Mughal Prince Salim, who later became Emperor Jahangir. According to some accounts, Anarkali was the nickname of the tawaif Sharf-un-Nisa, though scholars hold varying opinions.
Quṭb al-Aqṭāb Khwāja Sayyid Muḥammad Bakhtiyār al-Ḥusaynī, Quṭb al-Dīn Bakhtiyār Kākī was a Sunni Muslim Sufi mystic, saint and scholar of the Chishti Order from Delhi, India. He was the disciple and the spiritual successor of Mu'in al-Din Chishti as head of the Chishti order. Before him the Chishti order in India was confined to Ajmer and Nagaur. He played a major role in establishing the order securely in Delhi. His dargah located adjacent to Zafar Mahal in Mehrauli, and the oldest dargah in Delhi, is also the venue of his annual Urs festivities. The Urs was held in high regard by many rulers of Delhi like Iltutmish who built a nearby stepwell, Gandhak ki Baoli for him, Sher Shah Suri who built a grand gateway, Bahadur Shah I who built the Moti Masjid mosque nearby and Farrukhsiyar who added a marble screen and a mosque.
Gaspar Coelho was a Portuguese Jesuit missionary. He replaced Francisco Cabral as the Superior and Vice-Provincial of the Jesuit mission in Japan during the late 16th century. He catalyzed the disfavor of Toyotomi Hideyoshi against the Jesuit mission in Japan in 1587.
Mariam-uz-Zamani ;, commonly known by the misnomer Jodha Bai, was the chief consort and principal Hindu wife as well as the favourite wife of the third Mughal emperor, Akbar. She was also the longest-serving Hindu empress of the Mughal Empire with a tenure of forty-one years (1562–1605).
Shaykh Sharfuddin Bu Ali Shah Qalandar Panipati, renowned as Bu Ali Qalandar, born in Panipat, Haryana, India, was a Qalandar and Sufi saint of the Owaisī Order, who lived and taught in India. His shrine or dargah (mausoleum) is at Bu Ali Shah Qalandar Dargah, Panipat, which is a place of pilgrimage.
The city of Multan, Punjab, Pakistan has many mausoleums and shrines, due to its rich heritage of pirs and saints. Some of the best-known mausoleums that can still be visited today include the following.
The mausoleum known as Hazira at Vadodara, Gujarat, India; contains the tombs of Qutb-ud-din Muhammad Khan who was the tutor of Salim, son and successor of Akbar, and also that of his son Naurang Khan who held important offices in Gujarat under Akbar. Qutb-ud-din was uncle of Mirza Aziz Koka, a foster brother of Akbar and the Governor of Gujarat thrice in between 1573 AD to 1583 AD. He was killed in 1583 by Muzaffar Shah III, the last sultan of Gujarat Sultanate.
Attock Fort was built at Attock Khurd during the reign of Akbar from 1581 to 1583 under the supervision of Khawaja Shamsuddin Khawafi to protect the passage of the River Indus. Attock was briefly captured on 28 April 1758 by the Maratha Empire and became the northern boundary of the Maratha Empire. Ahmad Shah Durrani recaptured Attock and halted the Maratha advance in the north temporarily after the Third Battle of Panipat. It featured a prominent role in Afghan-Sikh Wars during the Battle of Attock.
Attock Khurd is a small town located beside the Indus River in the Attock District of Punjab Province in Pakistan. Khurd and Kalan are Persian words, themselves derived from Sanskrit words, which means small and big respectively. When two villages have the same name, they are distinguished as Kalan and Khurd with the villages' names.
Rauza Sharif or Shaikh Ahmad al-Faruqī al-Sirhindī Dargah is situated on the Sirhind-Bassi Pathana Road at a small distance to the north of Gurdwara Fatehgarh Sahib. Sheikh Ahmed Farooqi lived at this place during the times of Akbar and Jahangir from 1563 to 1624.
Rodolfo Acquaviva was an Italian Jesuit missionary and priest in India who served the court of Akbar the Great from 1580 to 1583. He was killed in 1583 and beatified in 1893.
Jerome Xavier, born Jerónimo de Ezpeleta y Goñi, was a Spanish Jesuit missionary to the Mughal court of Akbar (1542–1605) and his son Jahangir. A grand-nephew of Saint Francis Xavier, he chose to be called Jerome Xavier.
Ajmer Sharif Dargah is a Sufi Tomb (dargah) of the Sufi saint, Khawaja Moinuddin Chishti, located at Ajmer Shareef, Rajasthan, India.
Shamsuddin Sabzwari Multani was a Muslim saint from Sabzewar in present-day Iran who arrived in Multan in Punjab, Pakistan in the early 1200 C.E. He established a dargah there and preached Islam to the local population. Shamsuddin Sabzwari died in 1276 in Multan, where his mausoleum is located. The Urs of Shamsuddin Sabzwari takes place in June of each year.
Hakim's Tomb is a 16th-century tomb located in the city of Hasan Abdal, Pakistan, across from the Gurdwara Panja Sahib. The tomb complex also includes the Tomb of Lala Rukh, traditionally attributed to a Mughal princess. The tomb was built for two doctors (Hakims) to the Mughal court, the brothers Hakim Abdul Fateh Gilani Masiuddin, and Hakim Humayun Khwaja Gilani.
Khawaja Shamsuddin Azeemi is a Pakistani scholar in the field of spiritualism and a Sufi master. He is the current head of the Azeemia Sufi order. He has written books on the subject of spirituality or Muraqaba and is the chief editor of the monthly Roohani Digest and Qalander Shaoor in Karachi, Pakistan. He has established a chain of fifty-three meditation centers worldwide.
The Subah of Lahore was a province of the Mughal Empire encompassing the central Punjab region, now divided between Pakistan and India. It was created as one of the original 12 Subahs of the Mughal Empire under the administrative reforms carried by emperor Akbar in 1580. The province ceased to exist after the death of its last viceroy, Adina Beg in 1758, with large parts being incorporated into Durrani Empire.
References
- Du Jarric, P. (1996). Akbar and the Jesuits: An Account of the Jesuit Missions to the Court of Akbar. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 9788120610699 . Retrieved 9 November 2015.
- "Shrines Tombs & Mosques in Pakistan". cybercity-online.net. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
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