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The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child is an international human rights treaty which sets out the civil,political,economic,social,health and cultural rights of children. The convention defines a child as any human being under the age of eighteen,unless the age of majority is attained earlier under national legislation.
The National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) is a British child protection charity founded as the Liverpool Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (LSPCC) by Thomas Agnew on 19 April 1883. The NSPCC lobbies the government on issues relating to child welfare,and creates child abuse public awareness campaigns. Since the 1980s,the charity has had statutory powers allowing it to apply for help on behalf of children at risk. In the 1990s,the charity's publication,Satanic Indicators,fueled panic in social workers who went and accused parents and removed children from homes when they should not have. It operates a help line. The Paddington Bear character has partnered with the charity to raise funds for the charity. NSPCC operates telephone helplines.
Barnardo's is a charity headquartered in Barkingside in the London Borough of Redbridge. It was founded by Thomas John Barnardo in 1866,to care for vulnerable children. As of 2013,it raised and spent around £200 million each year running around 900 local services,aimed at helping these same groups. It is the largest children's charity in the UK in terms of charitable expenditure.
False imprisonment or unlawful imprisonment occurs when a person intentionally restricts another person's movement within any area without legal authority,justification,or the restrained person's permission. Actual physical restraint is not necessary for false imprisonment to occur. A false imprisonment claim may be made based upon private acts,or upon wrongful governmental detention. For detention by the police,proof of false imprisonment provides a basis to obtain a writ of habeas corpus.
Scouting Ireland is one of the largest youth movements on the island of Ireland,a voluntary educational movement for young people with over 45,000 members,including over 11,000 adult volunteers early 2020. Of the 750,000 people between the ages of 6 and 18 in Ireland,over 6% are involved with the organisation. It was founded in 2004,following the amalgamation of two of the Scouting organisations on the island. It is the World Organization of the Scout Movement-recognised Scouting association in the Republic of Ireland. In Northern Ireland it operates alongside The Scout Association of the UK and the Baden-Powell Scout Association.
Chastisement is the infliction of corporal punishment as defined by law.
The Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd,also known as the Sisters of the Good Shepherd,is a Catholic religious order that was founded in 1835 by Mary Euphrasia Pelletier in Angers,France. The religious sisters belong to a Catholic international congregation of religious women dedicated to promoting the welfare of women and girls.
The Office of theChildren's Commissioner for England is a non-departmental public body in England responsible for promoting and protecting the rights of children as set out in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child,as well as other human rights legislation,such as the Human Rights Act 1998. The Children's Commissioner was established under the Children Act 2004 to "represent the views and interests of children",and the office was further strengthened by the Children and Families Act 2014 providing a legal mandate to promote and protect the rights of children. According to the Commissioner's website,the role's purpose is to facilitate long-term improvements for all children,and in particular for the most vulnerable,and involves “being the eyes and ears of children within the system and the country as a whole",as well as acting with political independence from government,children's agencies and the voluntary and private sectors. The Children's Commissioner also has a duty to speak on behalf of all children in the United Kingdom on non-devolved issues,which include immigration,and youth justice in Wales.
In common law jurisdictions,statutory rape is nonforcible sexual activity in which one of the individuals is below the age of consent. Although it usually refers to adults engaging in sexual contact with minors under the age of consent,it is a generic term,and very few jurisdictions use the actual term statutory rape in the language of statutes. In statutory rape,overt force or threat is usually not present. Statutory rape laws presume coercion because a minor or mentally disabled adult is legally incapable of giving consent to the act.
The sexual abuse in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cloyne was investigated by the Commission of Investigation,Dublin Archdiocese,Catholic Diocese of Cloyne,examining how allegations of sexual abuse of children in the diocese were dealt with by the church and state. The investigation,which resulted in the publication of the Cloyne Report in July 2011,was led by Judge Yvonne Murphy. The inquiry was ordered to look at child protection practices in the diocese and how it dealt with complaints against 19 priests made from 1996.
Physical or corporal punishment by a parent or other legal guardian is any act causing deliberate physical pain or discomfort to a minor child in response to some undesired behavior. It typically takes the form of spanking or slapping the child with an open hand or striking with an implement such as a belt,slipper,cane,hairbrush,paddle,whip,or hanger. On a looser definition,it can also include shaking,pinching,forced ingestion of substances,or forcing children to stay in uncomfortable positions.
From the late 1980s,allegations of sexual abuse of children associated with Catholic institutions and clerics in several countries started to be the subject of sporadic,isolated reports. In Ireland,beginning in the 1990s,a series of criminal cases and Irish government enquiries established that hundreds of priests had abused thousands of children over decades. Six reports by the former National Board for Safeguarding Children in the Catholic Church established that six Irish priests had been convicted between 1975 and 2011. This has contributed to the secularisation of Ireland and to the decline in influence of the Catholic Church. Ireland held referendums to legalise same-sex marriage in 2015 and abortion in 2018.
A children's ombudsman,children's commissioner,youth commissioner,child advocate,children's commission,youth ombudsman or equivalent body is a public authority in various countries charged with the protection and promotion of the rights of children and young people,either in society at large,or in specific categories such as children in contact with the care system. The agencies usually have a substantial degree of independence from the executive,the term is often used differently from the original meaning of ombudsman,it is often an umbrella term,often used as a translation convention or national human rights institutions,dealing with individual complaints,intervening with other public authorities,conducting research,and –where their mandate permits them to engage in advocacy –generally promoting children's rights in public policy,law and practice. The first children's commissioner was established in Norway in 1981. The creation of such institutions has been promoted by the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child,and,from 1990 onwards,by the Council of Europe.
Nazir Afzal is a British solicitor and former prosecutor within the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS).
In England and formerly in Wales,battery punishment by parents of their minor children is lawful by tradition and explicitly under common law by R v Hopley [1860] 2F&F 202:
By the law of England,a parent ... may for the purpose of correcting what is evil in the child inflict moderate and reasonable corporal punishment,always,however,with this condition,that it is moderate and reasonable.
The legality of corporal punishment of children varies by country. Corporal punishment of minor children by parents or adult guardians,which is intended to cause physical pain,has been traditionally legal in nearly all countries unless explicitly outlawed. According to a 2014 estimate by Human Rights Watch,"Ninety percent of the world's children live in countries where corporal punishment and other physical violence against children is still legal". Many countries' laws provide for a defence of "reasonable chastisement" against charges of assault and other crimes for parents using corporal punishment. This defence is ultimately derived from English law. As of 2024,only three of seven G7 members and seven of the 20 G20 member states have banned the use of corporal punishment against children.
The Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry was established in October 2015 to inquire into cases of abuse of children in care in Scotland. It was to report and make recommendations within four years by 2019. But this deadline was later changed to "as soon as reasonably practicable". Concerns have been raised about mounting costs and delays in the inquiry. Six years after the start of the on-going inquiry and long after the original deadline,Anne Smith released a report which was critical of the previous Scottish government for the 'woeful and avoidable' delay in setting up the inquiry.
Sarah Elizabeth Dines is a British Conservative Party politician who was Member of Parliament (MP) for Derbyshire Dales from 2019 to 2024. She served as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Safeguarding from October 2022 to November 2023. She served as Lord Commissioner of the Treasury from September to October 2022.
The Children (Wales) Act 2020 is an Act of the National Assembly for Wales that was given royal assent on 20 March 2020. It was introduced to the Assembly in March 2019 by Julie Morgan AM and passed on the 28 January 2020. It was first detailed in February 2019 by way of an Explanatory Memorandum.
The Children (Scotland) Act 2019 was an Act of the Scottish Parliament that outlaws the use of corporal punishment on children.
References
- 1 2 3 4 McClafferty, Enda (11 April 2021). "NI riots: Adult influence in disorder 'amounts to child abuse'". BBC News . Retrieved 11 April 2021.
- ↑ "New children's commissioner Koulla Yiasouma appointed". BBC News. 4 December 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
- 1 2 "Meet Koulla". Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
- ↑ @ShriekingGreek (1 March 2023). "It's my last day as @nichildcom It has been a privilege to have been in this job I am grateful to everyone who has supported me particularly the NICCY team who have been amazing Ultimately it is about the young people - they deserve our very best which I hope I've done X" (Tweet). Retrieved 2 March 2023– via Twitter.
- ↑ Duncan, Pamela (29 April 2015). "'New debates' needed for Northern Ireland's changing demographics". The Irish Times . Retrieved 11 April 2021.
- 1 2 "Public backs law change to end 'reasonable chastisement' defence". Irish Legal News . 24 March 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2021.