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| Type | irregularly-published newspaper |
|---|---|
| Format | compact |
| Publisher | Américo Schvartzman |
| Founded | April 7, 1894 |
| Political alignment | Social democracy Democratic socialism |
| Headquarters | Buenos Aires |
| Circulation | 280,000 (1940s) |
| Website | web site |
La Vanguardia is an Argentine newspaper, founded by Socialist Party leader Juan B. Justo in 1894.
La Vanguardia was founded by Juan B. Justo, Esteban Jiménez, Augusto Kühn, Isidro Salomó, and Juan Fernández. Its first issue was published on April 7, 1894, and Jiménez served as its first typographer. The paper's first editorial was titled "This country is transforming itself" and analyzed the prevailing economic and social policy from a Marxist perspective. [1]
The newspaper, printed initially in a San Telmo neighborhood boarding house, became a gathering point for socialists active in Argentina in the late nineteenth century. These meetings would result in the establishment of the Socialist Party in 1896, and La Vanguardia became the party's official journal. [1]
Co-operative movement leader Nicolás Repetto succeeded Justo as its editor-in-chief in 1901, and in 1905, was first sold openly on street corners. The paper's Mexico Street offices in the Constitución ward were destroyed by arson during the Centennial celebrations of 1910, however. [1]
Enrique del Valle Iberlucea, a Spanish Argentine lawyer, became its director in 1916. He had founded Revista Socialista Internacional with Alicia Moreau in 1908; Moreau married the party's leader, Juan B. Justo, in 1914. Disaffected member of the party, including Augusto Kühn and Rodolfo Ghioldi, established a rival publication, Adelante , in 1916, though without success.
The Socialist Party grew significantly in Buenos Aires and Mar del Plata following the 1912 enactment of the Sáenz Peña Law guaranteeing a secret ballot and universal (male) suffrage. The party split, however, during their 1927 convention, and Senator Justo died in January 1928. Two socialist tickets thus competed in the 1928 elections, and La Vanguardia, edited since 1925 by Américo Ghioldi (Rodolfo's brother), would endorse the Authentic Socialist Party, led by Congressman Mario Bravo; neither ticket made gains, however. [2]
The prominence the party had earned, however, allowed them to inaugurate a landmark Rivadavia Avenue headquarters in 1927 (the Casa de Pueblo), from which La Vanguardia would also be published. [3] Ghioldi and Bravo led the publication during Argentina's "Infamous Decade," when the right-wing Concordance regime that took power in fraudulent elections held in 1931 perpetuated itself by the same tactics. Censorship made La Vanguardia's publication more intermittent in the ensuing years. It was suspended four times in 1942, and following a coup d'état in 1943, an edict mandating that all newspaper articles carry their writers' full names in their bylines forced it to shut down again. [1]
The election of populist leader Juan Perón in 1946 had been opposed by most Socialists. Its readership, despite (and arguably because) of ongoing intimidation, reached a historic high of 280,000 copies daily during the mid-1940s. [1] Using a noise ordinance as a pretext, its presses were shut down by a municipal order on August 27, 1947. Led by Luis Pan, its editors opened a clandestine press in Ranelagh, a southern suburb of Buenos Aires, and though this facility was later discovered by police, La Vanguardia continued to appear as a weekly newspaper. [1]
Much of the Socialist Party's leadership, as well as its journal's staff, would be imprisoned during Perón's successful 1951 re-election campaign, and only the willingness of El Sol editor-in-chief Emilio Frugoni to include La Vanguardia as a last-page supplement kept the periodical in publication. The following year, however, its remaining staff created an international edition of La Vanguardia printed in Montevideo, Uruguay, on Bible paper to facilitate its distribution abroad. [1]
A Peronist riot on April 15, 1953, triggered by bombs detonated at the Plaza de Mayo during a mass gathering resulted in the destruction of the Casa del Pueblo. The building survived initially. Its interiors, including a 70,000-volume library and the editorial bureau of La Vanguardia, were destroyed, however. [3] The paper's Montevideo edition responded by applauding the Bombing of Plaza de Mayo (in which over 300 died) as a "historic day against the tyranny of an arrogant man." [4]
President Perón was overthrown in 1955, and La Vanguardia resumed its regular edition with a circulation of 200,000. [1] The Socialist Party, however, suffered a new schism ahead of the 1958 elections. The two factions (Palacios and Alicia Moreau de Justo's Argentine Socialist Party, and Ghioldi and Repetto's more anti-Peronist Democratic Socialist Party) would each publish separate editions of La Vanguardia, with Juan Antonio Solari and Alicia Moreau de Justo as editors of each. [1]
The absorption of the Argentine Socialist Party into the Popular Socialist Party (PSP) in 1972 made the leader of the PSP, Guillermo Estévez Boero, director of La Vanguardia Popular. [5] The ongoing division of both the party and the journal precluded any refurbishment of the derelict Casa del Pueblo, and in 1974, the once-grand neo-classical building was demolished. [3]
The reunification of the Socialist Party in 2002 restored the ailing La Vanguardia as the party's sole official publication. The journal would be published irregularly, however, with an average of one issue every four months. [6] Its director, Américo Schvartzman, founded and edited El Miércoles, a socialist weekly in Concepción del Uruguay, Entre Ríos, from 2000 to 2007. [7]
Peronism, also known as justicialism, is a labour and left-leaning Argentine political movement based on the ideas and legacy of Argentine ruler Juan Perón (1895–1974). It has been an influential movement in 20th- and 21st-century Argentine politics. Since 1946, Peronists have won 10 out of the 14 presidential elections in which they have been allowed to run.
Pedro Eugenio Aramburu Silveti was an Argentine Army general who was the dictator of Argentina from November 13, 1955, to May 1, 1958. He was a major figure behind the Revolución Libertadora, the military coup against Juan Perón in 1955. He was kidnapped by the left-wing organization Montoneros on May 29, 1970, and assassinated as part of retaliation. He had been involved in the June 1956 execution of Army General Juan José Valle—associated with the Peronist movement— and 26 Peronist militants, after a botched attempt to overthrow his regime.
The Justicialist Party is a major political party in Argentina, and the largest branch within Peronism.
The Socialist Party is a centre-left political party in Argentina. Founded in 1896, it is one of the oldest still-active parties in Argentina, alongside the Radical Civic Union.
Juan Bautista Justo was an Argentine physician, journalist, politician, and writer. After finishing medical school he joined the Civic Union of the Youth, later participating in the foundation of the Socialist Party in 1896, of which he was chief director until his death. He married Alicia Moreau de Justo, with whom he had three children.
Alicia Moreau de Justo was an Argentine physician, politician, pacifist and human rights activist. She was a leading figure in feminism and socialism in Argentina. Since the beginning of the 20th century, she got involved in public claims for opening rights for women. In 1902, joined by a fellow activists, she founded the Feminist Socialist Center of Argentina and the Feminine Work Union of Argentina.
Guillermo Estévez Boero was an Argentine student activist, lawyer and Socialist politician.
Argentine Revolution was the name given by its leaders to a military coup d'état which head the government of Argentina in June 1966 and began a period of military dictatorship by a junta from then until 1973.
The history of Argentina can be divided into four main parts: the pre-Columbian time or early history, the colonial period (1536–1809), the period of nation-building (1810–1880), and the history of modern Argentina.
Américo Ghioldi was an Argentine educator, publisher and prominent Socialist politician.
The first Argentine general election of 1973 was held on 11 March. Voters chose both the President and their legislators.
Nicolás Repetto was an Argentine physician and leader of the Socialist Party of Argentina.
Andrés Framini was an Argentine labor leader and politician.
The Argentine Constituent Assembly election of 1957 was held on 28 July. Voters chose delegates to the assembly, and with a turnout of 90.1%.
Juan Domingo Perón was an Argentine Army lieutenant general and politician who served as President of Argentina from 1946 to his overthrow in 1955, and again from October 1973 to his death in July 1974. He had previously served in several government positions, including Minister of Labour and Vice President under presidents Pedro Pablo Ramírez and Edelmiro Farrell.
Mario Humberto Nicolás Bravo was an Argentine politician and writer.
The 1943 Argentine coup d'état, also known as the Revolution of '43, was a coup d'état on 4 June 1943 that ended the government of Ramón Castillo, who had been fraudulently elected to the office of vice-president before succeeding to the presidency in 1942 as part of the period known as the Infamous Decade. The military was opposed to Governor Robustiano Patrón Costas, Castillo's hand-picked successor, a major landowner in Salta Province and a primary stockholder in the sugar industry. The only serious resistance to the military coup came from the Argentine Navy, which confronted the advancing army columns at the Navy Petty-Officers School of Mechanics.
The Federal Popular Union, formerly the Popular Union until 2020, is a centre-right political party in Argentina rooted in Peronism. Established by Juan Atilio Bramuglia as a contingency for Peronists displaced by the 1955 military coup against the populist President Juan Perón, it became a "neo-Peronist" alternative to the exiled leader's line, and subsequently, an alternative to the successive dominant factions in the Justicialist Party.
Socialism in Argentina has taken many different shapes throughout Argentina's history. Many of the country's leaders have had a socialist ideology as their political framework within Argentina and more broadly, throughout Latin America. As a result of this history, on the international podium they are recognised for their socialist history and leadership. Argentina's alignment with socialist ideology particularly during the Peronist years has further contributed to this global sentiment. Whilst there has been a history of many different socialist parties the main one to consider is the Socialist Party (Argentina). Although the history of Socialism in Argentina can be traced to specific dates, it is important to view the role it has played as part to the influence of international phenomenon such as World War I, World War II and The Malvinas War. Today, Socialism in Argentina is visible in the contemporary administrations of Néstor Kirchner and his wife and later president Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner.
The Argentine Socialist Party was a socialist political party in Argentina formed after the third division of the Socialist Party.
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