Cristino García Granda was a fighter with the French Resistance in France during World War II. He was born in Gozón, Asturias, Spain and was executed by the Francoist regime.
In the history of Spain, the White Terror describes the political repression, including executions and rapes, which were carried out by the Nationalist faction during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), as well as during the first nine years of the regime of General Francisco Franco. In the 1936–1945 period, Francoist Spain had many officially designated enemies: supporters of the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939), liberals, socialists of different stripes, Protestants, intellectuals, homosexual people, Freemasons, Jews, and Basque, Catalan, Andalusian, and Galician nationalists.
13 Roses is a 2007 Spanish-Italian film directed by Emilio Martínez Lázaro. It stars Pilar Lopez de Ayala, Verónica Sánchez and Marta Etura. The plot, based on a true story, follows the tragic fate of Las Trece Rosas, fighting for their ideals in the aftermath of the Spanish Civil War.
The Paracuellos massacres were a series of mass killings of civilians and prisoners of war by the Republican faction of the Spanish Civil War that took place before and during the Siege of Madrid during the early stages of the war. The death toll remains a subject of debate and controversy.
Manuel Carrasco i Formiguera, was a Spanish lawyer and Christian democrat Catalan nationalist politician. His execution, by order of Francisco Franco, provoked protests from Catholic journalists such as Joseph Ageorges, the President of the International Federation of Catholic Journalists. Ageorges wrote, "Even more than the death of the Duke of Enghien stained the memory of Napoleon, the death of Carrasco has stained the reputation of Franco". Such protests, in turn, provoked the anger of the Francoist press. His funeral in Paris on 27 April 1938 was attended by many notable people, including Joan Miró, Ossorio y Gallardo, Josep M. de Sagarra, Joaquim Ventalló and Jacques Maritain and his wife Raissa.
In Francoist Spain, at least two to three hundred concentration camps operated from 1936 until 1947, some permanent and many others temporary. The network of camps was an instrument of Franco's repression.
The lost children of Francoism were the children abducted from Republican parents, who were either in jail or had been assassinated by Nationalist troops, during the Spanish Civil War and Francoist Spain, and later from random citizens or girls confined in the notorious Women's Protection Board. The kidnapped children were sometimes also victims of child trafficking and forced adoption.
Federico Melchor Fernández was a Spanish journalist and communist politician. He was one of the leaders of the Communist Youth Union of Spain. During the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) he was general director of Propaganda in the government of Juan Negrín. He became a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Spain.
Fernando Macarro Castillo, better known by his pseudonym Marcos Ana, was a Spanish poet and is considered by numerous sources Spain's longest serving political prisoner. Under the dictatorship of Francoist Spain, he was convicted of the murder of three people at the age of 19 in 1939, crimes he always denied having committed. He was released in 1961 after 23 years of imprisonment.
Francisco Javier Ortega Smith-Molina is a Spanish lawyer and politician. He served as Secretary-General of Vox between 2014 and 2022, making him the second most prominent person in the party after its president Santiago Abascal. He serves as a member of both the Congress of Deputies and the Madrid City Council since 2019.
The Political-Social Brigade, officially the Social Investigation Brigade, was a secret police in Francoist Spain in charge of persecuting and repressing opposition movements. The brigade was a section of the General Police Corps (CGP). During the Spanish transition to democracy, it was restructured and replaced by the Central Information Brigade (BCI). Among the anti-Franco opposition, it was known colloquially as "the Social", "the Secret" or "the Brigade".
Ramón Rufat Llop (1916–1993) was a Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, agent of the Republican secret services, and anti-Franco fighter.
Women in the Communist Party of Spain were highly active, the most visible figure in the movement being Dolores Ibárruri, who joined in its early years. The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera pushed the group underground, where they had to meet clandestinely around their public face, the football club Oriente FC.
Women prisoners in Francoist Spain were often there because of specific repression aimed at women. During the Civil War, many women were in prison because family members had Republican sympathies or the authorities wanted to lure out male Republican affiliated relatives; it was not a result of anything the women did themselves. The Law of Political Responsibilities, adopted on 13 February 1939, made such repression easier and was not formally removed from the Criminal Code until 1966. Prisoners and people in concentration camps, both male and female, would total over three quarters of a million by the end of the Spanish Civil War. Of these, 14,000 women were held in the Las Ventas Model prison in Madrid.
Women in Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT) in Francoist Spain played important roles in the union dating back to the Second Republic period, even as their specific needs like maternity leave, childcare provisions and equal pay were subverted for the improvement of better overall working conditions. Women UGT leaders in the Civil War period included María Lacrampe and Claudina García Perez.
Women in 1930s Francoist Spain experienced major changes to marriage. Civil marriages that took place between 1932 and 1939 were annulled, and only if both partners were Roman Catholic were they permitted to remarry.
Clara Pueyo Jornet was a Spanish communist, member of the executive committee of the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (PSUC), and secretary of the International Red Aid. She was persecuted by Francoism, arrested, tortured, and imprisoned in the Les Corts prison in Barcelona, from where she staged a remarkable escape known as The Great Flight, organized by the Communist Party of Spain (PCE), after which she disappeared.
Victòria Pujolar Amat was a Spanish Republican activist and member of the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia. Subject to reprisals by Franco's regime, she suffered torture, imprisonment and exile. She lived in France, Czechoslovakia and Romania. She never gave up the political struggle and was the first voice in Catalan on the clandestine Radio España Independiente, popularly known as La Pirenaica, based in Bucharest. She was also a sportswoman and painter.
Adelaida Abarca Izquierdo, known by the nickname Deli, was a Spanish Republican political activist. A militant member of the Juventudes Socialistas Unificadas (JSU) and a member of the group Las Trece Rosas, she was sentenced to 20 years in prison by the Francoist Spanish state in 1939. She escaped execution alongside her 13 compatriots due to her youth. Incarcerated over the next years in the prisons of Ventas in Madrid, the Oblatas in Tarragona, the prison of Girona, and the prison of Les Corts in Barcelona, in 1946 she organised the escape of Victòria Pujolar from Les Corts prison in Barcelona, followed by her own escape soon after in the company of Ángela Ramis.
