Laura Huey is a Canadian criminologist specialising in the study of public policing, victimization, missing persons and mental health issues in criminal justice. [1]
Huey is a professor at the University of Western Ontario in the department of sociology. [2] She is also the editor-in-chief of the international journal Police Practice & Research, Chair of the Working Group on Mental Health and Policing of the COVID-19 Taskforce of the Royal Society of Canada, former vice-chair of the American Society of Criminologists' division of policing and the former executive director of the Canadian Society of Evidence Based Policing. She is also a member of the College of New Scholars, Artists and Scientists of the Royal Society of Canada and a senior research fellow with the National Police Foundation. [3]
A significant focus of Huey's research is the politics of policing. Her first book, Negotiating Demands: The Politics of Skid Row Policing in Edinburgh, San Francisco and Vancouver, draws on field-based research to comparatively examine "the influence of local political, moral, and economic issues on police practices within marginalized communities" [4] within three 'liberal', yet very different types of 'liberal' cities. While the political aspects of policing remained a research interest in the period that followed, it wasn't until 2022 that she released another book in this area. The Wicked Problems of Police Reform in Canada [5] draws on twenty years of empirical data to present the public policy issues associated with the politics surrounding public police reform. Her current project continues to explore this interest but within the context of public order policing: #OccupyOttawa: An Oral History.
Throughout much of the period from 2015 to 2020, Huey's research and community engagement activities were focused on promoting evidence-based policing in Canada. In 2014, Huey was asked to sit as a member of the Canadian Council of Academies' expert panel on the future of Canadian policing. [6] This panel was convened by Public Safety Canada in response to tri-partite agreement between federal territorial and provincial governments to explore maintaining or reducing policing costs. [7] [8] Recognizing a lack of sound Canadian policy-oriented research to address policing issues, in 2015 Huey founded the Canadian Society of Evidence Based Policing (Can-SEBP) and began to work with applied researchers and police organizations to try to increase the volume of research being produced. When she stepped down as Can-SEBP's director in 2020, this network of academics and policing practitioners had grown to over 3,000 members. Huey is also the co-author of two books in this field: Implementing Evidence Based Research: A How to Guide for Police Organisations [9] and Evidence Based Policing: An Introduction to Key Ideas. [10]
Following her Master's and Doctorate research into public and private policing within marginalized communities, Huey spent most of the early years of her career exploring criminal victimization of homeless citizens. Much of this work focused on two inter-related areas: the victimization of impoverished women and police responses to these crimes.
The dominant theme in two of Huey's books from this period is the profound lack of recognition of the nature and extent to which homeless women are victims of violence, and how ill-equipped current social and healthcare systems are to deal with the complex trauma that follows. In Becoming Strong: Impoverished Women and the Struggle to Overcome Violence, [11] Huey and co-author Ryan Broll place this issue front and center in an analysis that draws on interviews from over two hundred impoverished women in three major U.S. cities. Relatedly, Adding Insult to Injury: (Mis)Treating Homeless Women in Our Mental Health System [12] takes aim at the medicalization of impoverished women's suffering within social and healthcare settings. Huey and Ricciardelli argue for a trauma-informed approach to assisting women who are facing multiple issues, including the after-effects of significant violence.
Invisible Victims: Homelessness and the Growing Security Gap [13] extends Huey's previous research into public policing and the provision of security within marginalized communities. Running counter to the academic trend to argue for less or no public policing within homeless and other economically disenfranchised communities, Huey argues that security – both physical and ontological – is both a civil right and a fundamental human right of all citizens. Drawing on her research over the preceding ten years, she maps out the ways in which the security needs of homeless citizens are neglected by policymakers and others and offers recommendations for a radical re-thinking of this issue.
Huey has written extensively on issues related to missing persons in Canada, primarily drawn from research using police data to explore both routine and unique aspects of missing persons cases to better identify the types of situations in which people are most and least likely to be reported missing. [14] [15] [16] [17] In 2019 she was asked to participate in the Independent Civilian Review into Missing Persons Investigations (the Epstein report). The result was an assessment of the available research on Canadian missing persons. After identifying only 16 studies that met her criteria, Huey concluded:
In 2020, Huey was asked to sit as the chair of a newly formed working group on Mental Health and Policing as part of the Royal Society of Canada's COVID-19 Taskforce. [19] The group produced two working papers. In Volume I, [20] Huey and colleagues identified several of the challenges facing researchers, police and policymakers in relying on police data to draw useful observations to inform policy or practice. Among their recommendations: provincial data capturing standards, improved data sharing practices and investments in improving the ability of Indigenous police services to collect and share data. In Volume II, [21] the working group focused on providing evidence assessments for different types of police interventions involving individuals with mental illness. These assessments covered topics such as police co-response models, mental health screening tools, non-escalation and de-escalation training and situation tables.
In 2022 Huey and colleagues released a book, Policing Mental Health: Public Safety and Crime Prevention in Canada. [22] Within it, they document the range of calls involving people with mental health issues, from missing persons and suicide-related calls to car accidents and noise disturbances.
Outpatient commitment—also called assisted outpatient treatment (AOT) or community treatment orders (CTO)—refers to a civil court procedure wherein a legal process orders an individual diagnosed with a severe mental disorder to adhere to an outpatient treatment plan designed to prevent further deterioration or recurrence that is harmful to themselves or others.
Transphobia consists of negative attitudes, feelings, or actions towards transgender people or transness in general. Transphobia can include fear, aversion, hatred, violence or anger towards people who do not conform to social gender roles. Transphobia is a type of prejudice and discrimination, similar to racism, sexism, or ableism, and it is closely associated with homophobia. People of color who are transgender experience discrimination above and beyond that which can be explained as a simple combination of transphobia and racism.
The Downtown Eastside (DTES) is a neighbourhood in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. One of the city's oldest neighbourhoods, the DTES is the site of a complex set of social issues, including disproportionately high levels of drug use, homelessness, poverty, crime, mental illness and sex work. It is also known for its strong community resilience, history of social activism, and artistic contributions.
Homelessness in Canada was not a social problem until the 1980s. The Canadian government housing policies and programs in place throughout the 1970s were based on a concept of shelter as a basic need or requirement for survival and of the obligation of government and society to provide adequate housing for everyone. Public policies shifted away from rehousing in the 1980s in wealthy Western countries like Canada, which led to a de-housing of households that had previously been housed. By 1987, when the United Nations established the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless (IYSH), homelessness had become a serious social problem in Canada. The report of the major 1987 IYSH conference held in Ottawa said that housing was not a high priority for government, and this was a significant contributor to the homelessness problem. While there was a demand for adequate and affordable housing for low income Canadian families, government funding was not available. In the 1980s a "wider segment of the population" began to experience homelessness for the first time – evident through their use of emergency shelters and soup kitchens. Shelters began to experience overcrowding, and demand for services for the homeless was constantly increasing. A series of cuts were made to national housing programs by the federal government through the mid-1980s and in the 1990s. While Canada's economy was robust, the cuts continued and in some cases accelerated in the 1990s, including cuts to the 1973 national affordable housing program. The government solution for homelessness was to create more homeless shelters and to increase emergency services. In the larger metropolitan areas like Toronto the use of homeless shelters increased by 75% from 1988 to 1998. Urban centres such as Montreal, Laval, Vancouver, Edmonton, and Calgary all experienced increasing homelessness.
Emily Murphy was a Canadian women's rights activist and author. In 1916, she became the first female magistrate in Canada and the fifth in the British Empire after Elizabeth Webb Nicholls, Jane Price, E. Cullen and Cecilia Dixon of Australia. She is best known for her contributions to Canadian feminism, specifically to the question of whether women were "persons" under Canadian law.
Homeless shelters are a type of service that provides temporary residence for homeless individuals and families. Shelters exist to provide residents with safety and protection from exposure to the weather while simultaneously reducing the environmental impact on the community.
Social exclusion or social marginalisation is the social disadvantage and relegation to the fringe of society. It is a term that has been used widely in Europe and was first used in France in the late 20th century. In the EU context, the European Commission defines it as "a situation whereby a person is prevented from contributing to and benefiting from economic and social progress". It is used across disciplines including education, sociology, psychology, healthcare, politics and economics.
Out of 10,000 female individuals 13 are homeless in the United States. Although studies reflect that circumstances vary depending on each individual, the average homeless woman is 35 years old, has children, is a member of a minority community, and has experienced homelessness more than once in their lifetime.
Lorna Marsden, is a Canadian sociologist, academic administrator, and former politician. She is the former President and Vice-Chancellor of both Wilfrid Laurier University and York University, and a former member of the Senate of Canada.
Cathy Crowe, is a Canadian "street nurse", educator, author, social justice activist and filmmaker, specializing in advocacy for the homeless in Canada. She is a frequent commentator on issues related to health, homelessness and affordable housing. She is currently a visiting practitioner at Toronto Metropolitan University.
Housing First is a policy that offers unconditional, permanent housing as quickly as possible to homeless people, and other supportive services afterward. It was first discussed in the 1990s, and in the following decades became government policy in certain locations within the Western world. There is a substantial base of evidence showing that Housing First is both an effective solution to homelessness and a form of cost savings, as it also reduces the use of public services like hospitals, jails, and emergency shelters. Cities like Helsinki and Vienna in Europe have seen dramatic reductions in homelessness due to the adaptation of Housing First policies, as have the North American cities Columbus, Ohio, Salt Lake City, Utah, and Medicine Hat, Alberta.
Homelessness, also known as houselessness or being unhoused or unsheltered, is the condition of lacking stable, safe, and functional housing. It includes living on the streets, moving between temporary accommodation with family or friends, living in boarding houses with no security of tenure, and people who leave their homes because of civil conflict and are refugees within their country.
Stephen Gaetz, is the director of the Canadian Observatory on Homelessness (COH) and a professor at the Faculty of Education at York University in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr. Gaetz has enhanced pan-Canadian collaboration between stakeholders interested in homelessness research in Canada.
Survival sex is a form of prostitution engaged in by people because of their extreme need. It can include trading sex for food, a place to sleep, or other basic needs; it can also be used to obtain addictive drugs. Survival sex is engaged in by homeless people, refugees, asylum seekers, and others disadvantaged in society.
Homelessness is a social crisis that has been rapidly accelerating in the Canadian city of Vancouver, British Columbia, over the last decade. According to the United Nations, homelessness can either be relative or absolute. Absolute homelessness describes people living in absence of proper physical shelter. Relative homelessness describes people living in poor conditions of health or security, including an absence of both personal safety and steady income despite having physical shelter to reside in. As of 2023, roughly 2,422 people in Vancouver are subject to one of these types of homelessness, or are transitioning between them.
In a study in Western societies, homeless people have a higher prevalence of mental illness when compared to the general population. They also are more likely to suffer from alcoholism and drug dependency. A 2009 US study, estimated that 20–25% of homeless people, compared with 6% of the non-homeless, have severe mental illness. Others estimate that up to one-third of the homeless have a mental illness. In January 2015, the most extensive survey ever undertaken found 564,708 people were homeless on a given night in the United States. Depending on the age group in question and how homelessness is defined, the consensus estimate as of 2014 was that, at minimum, 25% of the American homeless—140,000 individuals—were seriously mentally ill at any given point in time. 45% percent of the homeless—250,000 individuals—had any mental illness. More would be labeled homeless if these were annual counts rather than point-in-time counts.
Spirituality affects both mental and physical health outcomes in the general United States population across different ethnic groups. Because of the nuanced definitions of spirituality and religiosity, the literature on spirituality is not consistent in definitions or measures resulting in a lack of coherence. However, taken as a whole, research tends to show that the effect of spirituality is positive, associated with better health outcomes. For those who engage in spirituality, it may serve as a buffer from negative life events, often moderating the relationship between negative life experiences and levels of anxiety or depression. The exception is when negative spiritual coping is practiced. This type of coping has negative health implications.
Research shows that a disproportionate number of homeless youth in the United States identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or queer, or LGBTQ. Researchers suggest that this is primarily a result of hostility or abuse from the young people's families leading to eviction or running away. In addition, LGBTQ youth are often at greater risk for certain dangers while homeless, including being the victims of crime, risky sexual behavior, substance use disorders, and mental health concerns.
Alloura Wells was a Canadian transgender mixed-race woman who died in Toronto in July 2017. Her body was discovered in a ravine the following month, but she was not reported missing until 6 November 2017, and her badly decomposed body was not identified until 23 November.
Poverty and health are intertwined in the United States. As of 2019, 10.5% of Americans were considered in poverty, according to the U.S. Government's official poverty measure. People who are beneath and at the poverty line have different health risks than citizens above it, as well as different health outcomes. The impoverished population grapples with a plethora of challenges in physical health, mental health, and access to healthcare. These challenges are often due to the population's geographic location and negative environmental effects. Examining the divergences in health between the impoverished and their non-impoverished counterparts provides insight into the living conditions of those who live in poverty.
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