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Lavinite (Polish : Lawinit) is a mixture of metal particles (usually iron) and sand held together by solidified molten sulfur. Instead of metal particles, magnesite could be used to give a whiter product. The idea was to make a material that looks like marble. [1]
It was invented c. 1912 by Willy Henker, who in that year opened the factory "Kunststein-Industrie W. Henker & Co" in Berlin, which was in operation until at least 1936. Henker produced decorative items from lavinite such as vases, candlesticks, lamps, chandeliers and rosettes as well as letters and advertising signs. [2]
Lavinite products were usually black, less often white or colored, enameled or covered with "antique" bronze. Initially, the factory offered items in the Art Nouveau style. Later they introduced lines in antique, oriental and Art Deco styles. [2]
In 1922, Kunststein-Industrie W. Henker & Co opened a sales office in New York City and lavinite became very popular in the United States. Afterwards, Henker sold the patent for lavinite production to the U.S., France, Austria and Poland. In 1923 the factory "Lavinit. Krupka I Perlicz" opened in Włocławek, Poland, where it operated until 1939. They offered products from Willy Henker's factory catalogue. Over time, the assortment was expanded by items referring to the history of Poland, such as busts of Prince Józef Poniatowski or Adam Mickiewicz. [2] For a short time, lavinite items were also produced by the Wulkanit factory in Grudziądz. [3]
Currently, decorative items in lavinite are popular and valued at auctions all around the world. The biggest collection of them, comprising 63 items, is in the Muzeum Ziemi Kujawskiej i Dobrzyńskiej in Włocławek. [4]
Włocławek is a city in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship in central Poland along the Vistula River, bordered by the Gostynin-Włocławek Landscape Park. As of December 2021, the population of the city is 106,928.
Puck is a town in northern Poland with 11,350 inhabitants. It is in Gdańsk Pomerania on the south coast of the Baltic Sea and part of Kashubia with many Kashubian speakers in the town. Previously in the Gdańsk Voivodeship (1975–1998), Puck has been the capital of Puck County in the Pomeranian Voivodeship since 1999.
Wyszków is a town in eastern Poland with 26,500 inhabitants (2018). It is the capital of Wyszków County in Masovian Voivodeship.
Płońsk is a town in central Poland with 21,591 inhabitants (2022). Situated at the Płonka river in the historic region of Mazovia, it is the seat of Płońsk County in the Masovian Voivodeship.
Skarżysko-Kamiennapronounced[skarˈʐɨskɔkaˈmʲɛnːa] is a city in northern Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship in south-central Poland by Kamienna river, to the north of Świętokrzyskie Mountains; one of the voivodship's major cities. Prior to 1928, it bore the name of Kamienna; in less formal contexts usually only the first part of the name (Skarżysko) is used. It belongs to historic Polish province of Lesser Poland.
The traditional Polish units of measurement included two uniform yet distinct systems of weights and measures, as well as a number of related systems borrowed from neighbouring states. The first attempt at standardisation came with the introduction of the Old Polish measurement [system], also dubbed the Warsaw system, introduced by a royal decree of December 6, 1764. The system was later replaced by the New Polish measurement [system] introduced on January 1, 1819.
Rypin is a town in north-central Poland, in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, about 50 km east of Toruń. It is the capital of Rypin County. Population is 16,528 (2010).
Raciąż is a town in Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, Poland, with 4,642 inhabitants (2010). Its history dates to 10th century.
The National Museum in Kraków, popularly abbreviated as MNK, is the largest museum in Poland, and the main branch of Poland's National Museum, which has several independent branches with permanent collections around the country. Established in 1879, the museum consists of 21 departments which are divided by art period: 11 galleries, 2 libraries, and 12 conservation workshops. It holds some 780,000 art objects, spanning from classical archeology to modern art, with special focus on Polish painting. In 2023, the museum was visited by over 1.65 million people, making it the third most-visited art museum in Poland and the 37th most-visited art museum in the world.
The looting of Polish cultural artifacts and industrial infrastructure during World War II was carried out by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union simultaneously after the invasion of Poland of 1939. A significant portion of Poland's cultural heritage, estimated at about half a million art objects, was plundered by the occupying powers. Catalogued pieces are still occasionally recovered elsewhere in the world and returned to Poland.
Włocławker Sztyme was a Yiddish language weekly newspaper published from the Polish of Włocławek 1930–1939. It was one of the longest-running Yiddish newspapers in the city. Zyskind Izbicki, A. Lichtensztajn and Israel Mordechai Biderman were editors of the newspaper. The newspaper carried the by-line 'Weekly Paper for Włocławek and surroundings'.
14th Infantry Regiment of the Land of Kujawy was an infantry regiment of the Polish Army. It existed from 1918 until 1939. Garrisoned in Włocławek, the unit belonged to the 4th Infantry Division from Toruń.
The Basilica Cathedral of St. Mary of the Assumption is a large Gothic building situated in the Polish city of Włocławek located near to the Vistula River. Construction on the cathedral began in the 1340s, and it was consecrated in 1411. It was still under construction in the 15th and at the beginning of the 16th century, until its completion in 1526. It is one of the greatest treasure troves of funerary art in Poland next to the cathedrals in Gniezno, Poznań and Kraków.
The Marshal Józef Piłsudski Boulevards in Włocławek is a street located along the left bank of the Vistula River with an adjacent promenade crossing the Zgłowiączka river. It used to be called Nadbrzeżna St, Bulwarowa St and Boulevard of the Polish United Workers' Party (1945-1989). In the nineteenth century it was commonly called "Bulwarek".
The Aeroklub Włocławski , founded in 1959, is a regional branch of The Polish Aero Club. Located at the Włocławek-Kruszyn airport in Kruszyn near Włocławek.
The Leon Wyczółkowski Regional Museum is an ensemble of cultural institutions which have been first created in 1923 in the city of Bydgoszcz, Poland.
Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły Park, often simplified to Rydz-Śmigły Park, is a major parkland in the historic Frascati and Solec neighbourhoods of central Warsaw, Poland. It is situated in the administrative South Downtown district, on the western bank of the Vistula river. The 53-hectare park opened on 22 July 1955 and was continuously enlarged up until 1964.
Stanisław Horno-Popławski (1902-1997) was a Russian-Polish painter, sculptor and pedagogue.
BEFANA is a firm in Bydgoszcz established in 1852, producing metallic tools. It is one of the oldest firms in Bydgoszcz.
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Włocławek, Poland.