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The Liburnian Autonomous Movement or the Liburnian Federalist Movement was a political group founded in Rijeka in the summer of 1943, disbanded in the last months of the Second World War. Its most prominent members were killed during the Fiume Autonomists purge.
For centuries the city of Rijeka was a corpus separatum within the Austrian Empire and later the Austro-Hungarian. This is linked to a long political autonomy, which led to the foundation in 1896 of the local namesake party.
Headed by Riccardo Zanella, on 24 April 1921 the autonomists won the parliamentary elections of the newborn Free State of Fiume, but their government was overthrown in March of the following year by the nationalist and pro-fascist group, reunited in the National Block. Zanella was forced into exile together with all his cabinet, later the city was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy following the Treaty of Rome (1924).
The city of Rijeka, one of the landmarks of the Adriatic dispute between Italians and Slavs (Slovenians and Croats), was declared annexed to Yugoslavia by a group of Slovenian and Croat partisans of the liberation movement, with the so-called Declarations of Pazin of September 13, 1943.
This event, connected to the fall of fascism, gave rise to the resurgence of the ever dormant autonomist feelings of the Fiuman population. The political heirs of Zanella - at the time exiled in France - regrouped in the Autonomous Movement under the guidance of some of the oldest Autonomist Party members, among them one of the most authoritative was Mario Blasich. Referring to the Treaty of Rapallo (1920) and the fact that the Free State of Fiume had indeed been the first country victim of a fascist one, they again requested the implementation of an autonomous statute for the post-war Fiume. Despite cooperating with the communists during the war in anti-fascist actions, the autonomists considered it impossible to form a political alliance with them, who were considered too undemocratic and illiberal, but continued to work on opposing the Nazi-Fascists together.
At the beginning of 1944 a part of the zanelliani faction, above all the younger ones, merged into the Italian Autonomous Fiume Movement (FAI), founded by don Luigi Polano. They targeted for the city the continuation of a statute of autonomy, similar to that enjoyed at the time of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, also advocating armed resistance against the Nazi-Fascists (albeit without creating partisan formations), but accepting collaboration with the Yugoslavs, above all for the protection of the industrial heritage of the city, threatened with destruction by the Germans. This autonomist component was considered in a very suspicious and dangerous way by the Yugoslav liberation movement, appearing as a possible alternative to the simple and plain annexation of the city that the Titoist planned for the city, albeit while publicly declaring and promising full autonomy to the local population.
After the fall of fascism (25 July 1943) other autonomists, mainly former fascist militants, joined the Liburnia Autonomist Movement (or Movimento Autonomista Liburnico), led by the engineer Giovanni Rubini. Also considering aformal agreement with the AVNOJ impossible, they planned the transformation of the Fiume region into a federated state.
The autonomists established their own program which they sent to London, Berlin, Washington and Rome. The program of the movement centered around the intention of making Fiume the capital of a state called the Free Territory of Quarnero, which would include the former Hungarian Littoral, the Western part of the Gorski Kotar, a few nearby Slovenian municipalities and the islands of Krk, Rab and Lošinj as well as the easternmost part of Istria. All this territory would have been divided into cantons, on the Swiss model. Each canton would have had the right to use the local mother tongue in its area, while the official language of state institutions would have been Italian.
Among the most important exponents of the Movement we[ who? ] should mention: Ramiro Antonini, Icilio Bacci, Salvatore Belasic (or Bellasich), Carlo Colussi, Riccardo Gigante, Ruggero Gotthardi, Arturo Maineri, Ettore Rippa, Gino Sirola, Antonio Vio and Arnaldo Viola. Of these, the Yugoslavs later killed Bacci, Colussi, Gigante and Sirola.
The discovery of the autonomous project of Rubini during a search, inside a file entitled "Memorandum Rubini", was the formal cause chosen by the Germans to justify the arrest of the Fiume Police chief Giovanni Palatucci, September 13, 1944. From this makes us[ who? ] think that Palatucci was among the proponents of the Federalist solution advocated by the Liburnic Autonomist Movement.
Tito's troops entered Fiume on May 3, 1945, without any major insurrectionary movement developing in the city, not last thanks to the promises of cultural and political respect the Titoists made to the local population.
Upon entering the city and in the first month, the communist authorities got rid of more than 600 civilians only in the first month of occupation. Soon the Yugoslav propaganda machine was put on work and it started treating the autonomists harshly, accusing them of betrayal, opportunism and even fascism, in order to weaken their position in the city. From the first hours of the occupation, the Yugoslav secret police organized punitive teams to search for the autonomous leaders and get rid of them: between May the 2nd and May the 4th lost Mario Blasich, Nevio Skull, Mario De Hajnal, Giuseppe Sincich, Radoslav Baucer and other autonomist leaders were victims of summary killings. They all were collaborating with the partisans for years.
Their fate had been anticipated by that of Giovanni Rubini, who was considered the most prominent leader of these political faction and therefore killed by a Yugoslav commando at the entrance of his house on the 21st of April 1945. [1] [2]
Nonetheless the movement was able to hold a significant influence and great following in Fiume well into the 2 years of Jugoslav occupation, and despite many of its leaders being killed by the Jugoslav secret police, it was able to dominate the union elections organized in Fiume's factories in early 1946 by the occupational authorities. These elections were therefore not recognised by the communist leadership and as a consequence between 1500 and 2000 sympathisers of the Autonomist cause were arrested by the occupational authorities. [3] New elections were held in mid 1946, under supervision and rigged to have plebiscitary victory of the communist candidates.
During the peace talks in Paris the ousted president of the Free State of Fiume Riccardo Zanella tried to spearhead the cause of the tiny state, this time supported also by the previous political rival Andrea Ossoinack. The new Italian minister of foreign affairs Carlo Sforza, an early anti-fascist dissident, supported this idea and lobbied with the Allies to have Fiume reinstated as a free state and for it to become a head-quarter of the newly formed United Nations (this idea was following on the footsteps of the previous Wilsonian proposal of having Fiume as a head-quarter of the League of Nations). The idea found also the official support of the Italian president Alcide de Gasperi, after the Allies displayed little interest in the option of keeping Italian sovereignty over Fiume's territory.
Tito in official correspondence with the other leaders and Zanella himself showed clear openings towards the idea, but in fact the Yugoslavs acted quickly, probably pushed above all by Kardelj, incorporating Fiume in Croatia itself and de facto separating it on the ground from the Istrian territories which kept being treated as disputed territories for a longer period. This ushered in a heavy attack on all civic rights initially granted to the local Fiuman population, and the city's remarkable bilingualism was de facto (but not de jure) abolished 9 years later, in 1954, riding heavily the nationalists sentiments during the Triest Crisis, an operation largely fabricated by the Yugoslav authorities to gather popular support internally.
The exodus of Fiuman people in this 9 year period brought 58,000 of the 66,000 inhabitants to leave the city as a consequence of the growing discrimination, targeted violence and terrorist acts by local authorities. These crimes, although extensively documented and widely confirmed by historians both in Croatia and Italy, still fail to be officially recognised by Rijeka's authorities nowadays and are a source of continuous internal tensions between the population and the city's political elite.
Rijeka is the principal seaport and the third-largest city in Croatia. It is located in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County on Kvarner Bay, an inlet of the Adriatic Sea and in 2021 had a population of 108,622 inhabitants. Historically, because of its strategic position and its excellent deep-water port, the city was fiercely contested, especially between the Holy Roman Empire, Italy and Croatia, changing rulers and demographics many times over centuries. According to the 2011 census data, the majority of its citizens are Croats, along with small numbers of Serbs, Bosniaks and Italians.
The Treaty of Rome was agreed on 27 January 1924, when Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes agreed that Fiume would be annexed to Italy as the Province of Fiume, and the town of Sušak would be part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
Italian irredentism was a nationalist movement during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in Italy with irredentist goals which promoted the unification of geographic areas in which indigenous peoples considered to be ethnic Italians and/or Italian-speaking individuals formed a majority, or substantial minority, of the population.
Hrvatski nogometni klub Rijeka, commonly referred to as NK Rijeka or simply Rijeka, is a Croatian professional football club from the city of Rijeka.
Riccardo Zanella was the only elected president of the short lived Free State of Fiume.
The Free State of Fiume was an independent free state that existed between 1920 and 1924. Its territory of 28 km2 (11 sq mi) comprised the city of Fiume and rural areas to its north, with a corridor to its west connecting it to the Kingdom of Italy.
The Istrian–Dalmatian exodus was the post-World War II exodus and departure of local ethnic Italians as well as ethnic Slovenes, Croats, and Istro-Romanians from the Yugoslav territory of Julian March, Kvarner and Dalmatia, towards Italy, and in smaller numbers, towards the Americas and Australia. These regions were ethnically mixed, with long-established historic Croatian, Italian, and Slovene communities. After World War I, the Kingdom of Italy annexed Istria, Kvarner, the Julian March and parts of Dalmatia including the city of Zadar. At the end of World War II, under the Allies' Treaty of Peace with Italy, the former Italian territories in Istria, Kvarner, the Julian March and Dalmatia were assigned to the nation of Yugoslavia, except for the Province of Trieste. The former territories absorbed into Yugoslavia are part of present-day Croatia and Slovenia.
The foibe massacres, or simply the foibe, refers to mass killings both during and after World War II, mainly committed by Yugoslav Partisans and OZNA in the then-Italian territories of Julian March, Kvarner and Dalmatia, against the local ethnic Italian population, as well the ethnic Slovenes, Croats and Istro-Romanians who chose to maintain Italian citizenship, against all anti-communists, associated with Fascism, Nazism and collaboration with Axis, and against real, potential or presumed opponents of Tito communism. The type of attack was state terrorism, reprisal killings, and ethnic cleansing against Italians.
Michele Maylender was an Italian politician who was the founder of the Autonomist Association, known also as Autonomist Party in Fiume.
Luigi Ossoinack. Born in Fiume, studied in Ljubljana, Graz and Vienna, where he graduated at the commercial academy. He practised trade in Trieste, Odessa, London and North America.
The Communist Party of Fiume was instituted in November 1921, after the proclamation of the Free State of Fiume created by the Treaty of Rapallo. The Communist Party of Fiume was the smallest Communist Party in the world at the time. It was founded following the principles of the Third International, according to which each sovereign State had to have its own Communist Party organization.
The Autonomist Association was a political party in Fiume, that existed continuously from 1896 to 1914. Its goal was to maintain the autonomy of the corpus separatum of Fiume within the Hungarian Kingdom.
Rijeka, formerly known as Fiume, is a city located in the northern tip of the Kvarner Gulf in the northern Adriatic. It is currently the third-largest city in Croatia. It was part of the Roman province of Dalmatia, and later of the Kingdom of Croatia. It grew during the 12th to 14th centuries as a seaport within the Holy Roman Empire, trading with Italian cities. Under the rule of the House of Habsburg from 1466, it was made a free city; and, although part of the Duchy of Carniola, it developed local self-government.
Mario Blasich was an Italian politician and physician, and an important member of the Autonomist Party of Fiume, during the short lived autonomy of the Free State of Fiume.
Nevio Skull was a Fiuman Italian businessman and politician from Rijeka. From his father, Skull inherited the property of the "Foundry and factory machines of Matthew Skull", founded in Rijeka in 1878 and quickly became the largest private industry in the city before being taken over in 1935. After 1943 Skull was approached by emissaries of the Yugoslav Partisans, who attempted to convince him to support the annexation of the city of Rijeka to the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia. Skull rejected these proposals, and with the surrender of Italy in World War II, a group of citizens issued a Liburnia Memorandum in which it was recommended that an Italian confederate state be formed from the free cantons of Rijeka (Fiume), Sušak (Sussak) and Ilirska Bistrica (Bisterza), with a planned condominium with the islands of Krk (Veglia), Cres (Cherso) and Lošinj (Lussino).
The Province of Fiume was a province of the Kingdom of Italy from 1924 to 1943, then under control of the Italian Social Republic and German Wehrmacht from 1943 to 1945. Its capital was the city of Fiume. It took the other name after the Gulf of Carnaro.
The Bloody Christmas of 1920 was a series of clashes in Fiume, which led to the conclusion of the Fiume campaign carried out by Italian poet and adventurer, Gabriele D'Annunzio in 1920.
The Fiume Autonomists purge, or the purge of the Autonomist elements of the city of Fiume, was a series of well orchestrated killings of the most prominent politicians and intellectuals of the Autonomist Party of Fiume or Rijeka.
Riccardo Gigante was an Italian irredentist and Fascist politician, who played an important role in the history of Fiume during the interwar period and the Fascist era.
Icilio Bacci, born Icilio Baccich was an Italian irredentist and Fascist politician, member of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy.
