The following is a list of grand pensionaries of Holland, Zeeland and the Batavian Republic. During the time of the Dutch Republic, the grand pensionary was the most prominent member of the government. Though officially only a civil servant of the estates, the grand pensionary was the de facto leader of the entire republic, second only to the stadtholder, and often served in a capacity similar to that of today's prime ministers.
Grand pensionaries of the province of Holland during the time of the Seventeen Provinces:
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | |
---|---|---|---|
Barthout van Assendelft (ca. 1440–1502) | 1480 | 1489 | |
Jan Bouwensz (ca. 1452–1514) | 1489 | 1494 | |
Barthout van Assendelft (ca. 1440–1502) | 1494 | 1497 | |
Frans Coebel van der Loo (ca. 1470–1532) | 1500 | 1513 | |
Albrecht van Loo (ca. 1470–1532) | 1513 | 1524 | |
Aert van der Goes (1475–1545) | May 1525 | January 1544 | |
Adriaen van der Goes (ca. 1505-1560) | 30 January 1544 | 5 November 1560 | |
Jacob van den Eynde (ca. 1515-1570) | 1560 | 1568 |
Holland formally adopted the Act of Abjuration in 1581 to become a province in the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. Grand pensionaries of the province of Holland during the time of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands:
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Paulus Buys (1531–1594) | 1572 | 16 March 1584 | ||
Johan van Oldenbarnevelt (1547–1619) | 16 March 1586 | 12 May 1619 | ||
Andries de Witt (1573–1637) | 12 May 1619 | 1621 | ||
Anthonie Duyck (1560–1629) | 1621 | 1629 | ||
Jacob Cats (1577–1660) | 1629 | 1631 | ||
Adriaan Pauw (1585–1653) | 1631 | 1636 | ||
Jacob Cats (1577–1660) | 1636 | 1651 | ||
Adriaan Pauw (1585–1653) | 1651 | 30 July 1653 | ||
Johan de Witt (1625–1672) | 30 July 1653 | 4 August 1672 | ||
Gaspar Fagel (1634–1688) | 20 August 1672 | 5 December 1688 | ||
Michiel ten Hove (1640–1689) | 5 December 1688 | 24 March 1689 | ||
Anthonie Heinsius (1641–1720) | 27 May 1689 | 3 August 1720 | ||
Isaac van Hoornbeek (1655–1727) | 12 September 1720 | 17 June 1727 | ||
Simon van Slingelandt (1664–1736) | 17 July 1727 | 1 December 1736 | ||
Anthonie van der Heim (1693–1746) | 4 April 1737 | 7 July 1746 | ||
Willem Buys (1661–1749) | 7 July 1746 | 23 September 1746 | ||
Jacob Gilles (1691–1765) | 23 September 1746 | 18 June 1749 | ||
Pieter Steyn (1706–1772) | 18 June 1749 | 5 November 1772 | ||
Pieter van Bleiswijk (1724–1790) | 18 June 1772 | 5 November 1787 | ||
Laurens Pieter van de Spiegel (1736–1800) | 9 November 1787 | 9 February 1795 |
Grand pensionaries of the province of Zeeland during the time of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands:
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Christoffel Roels (1540–1597) | 3 July 1578 | 18 May 1597 | ||
Johan van de Warck (died 1615) | 25 March 1599 | 24 November 1614 | ||
Bonifacius de Jonge (1567–1625) | 18 February 1615 | June 1625 | ||
Johan Boreel (1577–1629) | 28 October 1625 | 1 November 1629 | ||
Boudewijn de Witte | 19 February 1630 | 23 March 1641 | ||
Cornelis Adriaansz. Stavenisse (1595–1649) | 19 April 1641 | 28 May 1649 | ||
Johan de Brune (1589–1658) | 16 August 1649 | 7 November 1658 | ||
Adriaan Veth (1608–1663) | 29 November 1658 | 25 November 1663 | ||
Pieter de Huybert (1622–1697) | 19 March 1664 | 9 October 1687 | ||
Jacob Verheije (1640–1718) | 10 October 1687 | 16 August 1718 | ||
Caspar van Citters (1674–1734) | 28 November 1718 | 28 September 1734 | ||
Dignus Francois Keetlaer (1674–1750) | 2 November 1734 | 23 March 1750 | ||
Johan Pieter Recxstoot (1701–1756) | 31 May 1751 | 31 January 1756 | ||
Jacob du Bon (c. 1695–1760) | 3 January 1757 | 1 June 1760 | ||
Wilhem van Citters (1723–1802) | 15 December 1760 | 25 May 1766 | ||
Adriaan Steengracht (1731–1770) | 26 May 1766 | 6 May 1770 | ||
Johan Marinus Chalmers (1720–1796) | 13 August 1770 | 12 May 1785 | ||
Laurens Pieter van de Spiegel (1737–1800) | 22 September 1785 | 24 April 1788 | ||
Willem Aarnoud van Citters (1741–1811) | 25 April 1788 | 1795 |
Grand pensionaries of the Batavian Republic:
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Faction | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck (1761–1825) | 15 May 1805 | 4 June 1806 | Moderate | |
Carel de Vos van Steenwijk (1759–1830) | 4 June 1806 | 18 June 1806 | Federalist |
The Batavian Republic was the successor state to the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. It was proclaimed on 19 January 1795 and ended on 5 June 1806, with the accession of Louis Bonaparte to the Dutch throne. From October 1801 onward, it was known as the Batavian Commonwealth. Both names refer to the Germanic tribe of the Batavi, representing both the Dutch ancestry and their ancient quest for liberty in their nationalistic lore.
The United Provinces of the Netherlands, officially the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands and commonly referred to in historiography as the Dutch Republic, was a confederation that existed from 1579 until the Batavian Revolution in 1795. It was a predecessor state of the present-day Netherlands and the first independent Dutch nation state. The republic was established after seven Dutch provinces in the Spanish Netherlands revolted against Spanish rule, forming a mutual alliance against Spain in 1579 and declaring their independence in 1581. The seven provinces it comprised were Groningen, Frisia, Overijssel, Guelders, Utrecht, Holland, and Zeeland.
The Kingdom of Holland was the successor state of the Batavian Republic. It was created by Napoleon Bonaparte in March 1806 in order to strengthen control over the Netherlands by replacing the republican government with a monarchy. Since becoming emperor in 1804, Napoleon sought to extirpate republican tendencies in territories France controlled, and placed his third brother, Louis Bonaparte, on the throne of the puppet kingdom. The name of the leading province, Holland, now designated the whole country. In 1807, East Frisia and Jever were added to the kingdom.
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Johan de Witt was a Dutch statesman who was a major political figure during the First Stadtholderless Period, when flourishing global trade in a period of rapid European colonial expansion made the Dutch a leading trading and seafaring power in Europe, commonly referred to as the Dutch Golden Age. De Witt was elected Grand Pensionary of Holland, and together with his uncle Cornelis de Graeff, he controlled the Dutch political system from around 1650 until the Rampjaar of 1672. This progressive cooperation between the two statesmen, and the consequent support of Amsterdam under the rule of De Graeff, was an important political axis that organized the political system within the republic.
The Pacification of Ghent, signed on 8 November 1576, was an alliance between the provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands. The main objectives were to remove Spanish mercenaries who had made themselves hated by all sides due to their plundering, and to promote a formal peace with the rebellious provinces of Holland and Zeeland.
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A pensionary was a name given to the leading functionary and legal adviser of the principal town corporations in the Low Countries because they received a salary or pension.
The grand pensionary was the most important Dutch official during the time of the Dutch Republic. In theory, a grand pensionary was merely a civil servant of the Estates of the dominant province, the County of Holland, among the Seven United Provinces. In practice, the grand pensionary of Holland was the political leader of the entire Dutch Republic when there was no stadtholder at the centre of power.
Laurens Pieter van de Spiegel was Grand Pensionary of Zeeland and, from 9 November 1787 to 4 February 1795, of Holland. He was an Orangist, which means that he was a supporter of Prince William V of Orange. He became grand pensionary of Holland when the Prussian army had reinstated William V in power in 1787. He fled to Germany in 1795, when the French defeated the Dutch army and an anti-Orangist revolution broke out. He died in Lingen, Prussia. Van de Spiegel was the last Grand Pensionary of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, which was replaced with the Batavian Republic modelled after the French revolutionary state.
The Perpetual Edict was a resolution of the States of Holland passed on 5 August 1667 which abolished the office of Stadtholder in the province of Holland. At approximately the same time, a majority of provinces in the States General of the Netherlands agreed to declare the office of stadtholder incompatible with the office of Captain general of the Dutch Republic.
In the history of the Dutch Republic, Orangism or prinsgezindheid was a political force opposing the Staatsgezinde (pro-Republic) party. Orangists supported the Princes of Orange as Stadtholders and military commanders of the Republic, as a check on the power of the regenten. The Orangist party drew its adherents largely from traditionalists – mostly farmers, soldiers, noblemen and orthodox Protestant preachers, though its support fluctuated heavily over the course of the Republic's history and there were never clear-cut socioeconomic divisions.
The Dutch Republic Lion was the badge of the Union of Utrecht, the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, and a precursor of the current coat of arms of the Kingdom the Netherlands.
The Dutch Republic existed from 1579 to 1795 and was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. These latter were governed directly by the States-General, the federal government. The States-General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces.
François Vranck, was a Dutch lawyer and statesman who played an important role in the founding of the Dutch Republic.
The Dutch States Party was a political faction of the United Provinces of the Netherlands. This republican faction is usually (negatively) defined as the opponents of the Orangist "Pro-Prince" faction, who supported the monarchical aspirations of the stadtholders, who were usually members of the House of Orange-Nassau. The two factions existed during the entire history of the Republic since the Twelve Years' Truce, be it that the role of "usual opposition party" of the States Party was taken over by the Patriots after the Orangist revolution of 1747. The States Party was in the ascendancy during the First Stadtholderless Period and the Second Stadtholderless Period.