List of mentally ill monarchs

Last updated September 16, 2024

This article lists monarchs who were documented to have mental illness. Such allegations are not necessarily conclusive, since the documenters might have written from political biases or rumor.

Roman emperors

Tiberius (42 BC–37 AD, ruled 14–37 AD). While Tiberius was in his later years in Capri, rumours abounded as to what exactly he was doing there. Historian Suetonius records the rumours of lurid tales of sexual perversity, including graphic depictions of child molestation, cruelty, and especially paranoia. While heavily sensationalised, Suetonius' stories at least paint a picture of how Tiberius was perceived by the Roman senatorial class, and what his impact on the Principate was during his 23 years of rule.
Gaius Caligula (12–41 AD, ruled 37–41). Contemporary author Philo of Alexandria recorded that he fell ill soon after becoming emperor, and his subsequent reign was marked by shocking extremes of paranoia, cruelty and megalomania.^[1] Seneca the Younger, who once fell foul of Caligula, confirmed his erratic behavior in passing.^[2] His successor Claudius neither condemned nor defended his memory, and later historians continued to describe his madness.
Nero (37-68 AD, ruled 54–68 AD). The historians Tacitus, Suetonius and Cassius Dio described him as a depraved and jealous tyrant who sought public acclaim in the theater and arena while ordering the deaths of rivals, even his relatives, including his mother Agrippina the Younger. Based on these histories (about which doubts exist) he has been suspected of psychotic or paranoid delusions.^[3]^[4]
Commodus (161–192, ruled 177–192) succeeded his father Marcus Aurelius at the age of 19. He left government to different advisors during most of his reign, preferring to impress the public as a gladiator. After the overthrow of his chamberlain Cleander he developed extreme megalomania, attempting to transform the empire into his own personality cult.^[5]
Antoninus Elagabalus (204–222, ruled 218–222) was made emperor as a teenager by conspirators against Macrinus. He proved uncontrollable, indulging himself in sexual orgies and human sacrifice, appointing incompetent favorites to office, and defiling all religions other than his own.^[6]
Justin II (c. 520–578, ruled 15 November 565–574). John of Ephesus, who suffered theological persecution under Justin, wrote that his "mind was agitated and darkened" such that he behaved at times like a wild animal. On the advice of his wife Sophia and the Senate, he adopted the general Tiberius II Constantine as his son and delegated state authority to him.^[7]

European monarchs

Charles VI of France (1368–1422; ruled 1380–1422), known as Charles le Fou ("Charles the Mad"), had bouts of psychosis, including glass delusion.^[8]^{: 514–516}
Edward of Portugal (1391–1438; ruled 1433–1438) had an episode of "melancholic humour" that lasted for more than three years when he was instructed to act as regent for his father, John I, during the preparations for the conquest of Ceuta; recognising it as an illness, he left a rare first-person account of his experience of it in his advice book, The Loyal Counselor .^[9]
Henry VI of England (1421–1471; ruled 1422–1461 and 1470–1471).^[8]^: 586 A breakdown in 1453 caused him to neglect state affairs for more than a year. A Lord Protector was appointed on that and two subsequent occasions to govern the kingdom, and after his Queen, Margaret of Anjou conducted state affairs for him. Her rise to power, and the ensuing succession struggles gave rise to the Wars of the Roses.
Joanna of Castile (1479–1555; ruled 1504–1555), known as Juana la Loca ("Joanna the Mad"), is believed by historians to have had melancholia, psychosis or schizophrenia.^[10]
Eric XIV of Sweden (1533–1577; ruled 1560–1568). Developed paranoia and irrational, violent streaks later in his life leading to an erratic rule and the brutal murders of several real or perceived political rivals in the Sture Murders. Eric himself stabbed Nils Svantesson Sture to death.^[11]
Philip V of Spain (1683–1746; ruled 1700–24, 1724–46). Experienced intense melancholia.^[12]
Ferdinand VI of Spain (1713–59). Like his father Philip V, had melancholia.^[13]
Maria I of Portugal (1734–1816; ruled 1777–1816), known as Maria, a Louca ("Mary the Mad").^[14] Around 1790 Maria's long-expressed anxieties developed into religiously themed delusions. Her ministers determined that she was insane and appointed her son João to govern the kingdom.
George III of the United Kingdom (1738–1820; ruled 1760–1820) exhibited signs of mental disorder, in the form of logorrhea, as early as 1788. He fell into a profound depression after the death of his beloved daughter Princess Amelia, and Parliament delegated his state duties to George, Prince of Wales.^[15]
Christian VII of Denmark (1749–1808; ruled 1767–1808).^[16] Although never completely incapacitated, Christian displayed severe emotional and moral instability, and members of his court and personal staff struggled to build a functioning government around him.
Ludwig II of Bavaria (1845–1886; ruled 1864–1886) irritated his ministers with his uncontrolled spending on magnificent castles. With no end in sight, they arranged for a panel of psychiatrists to declare him insane and installed his uncle as regent. Although the ministers were motivated by political concerns, medical explanations have been offered that include frontotemporal dementia and schizotypal personality disorder.^[17]^[18]
Otto of Bavaria (1848–1916; ruled 1886–1913) had depression, anxiety and insomnia throughout his life. In 1886, the senior royal medical officer wrote a statement declaring that Otto was severely mentally ill.^[18]^[19] Otto is believed to have had schizophrenia.^[20]
Wilhelm II, German Emperor (1859–1941, ruled 1888–1918) is believed to have had histrionic personality disorder,^[21] as well as manic-depressive disorder.^[22]

Middle Eastern monarchs

Akhenaten (died c. 1335 BC, ruled c. 1350 – c. 1335), Egyptian Pharaoh known for elevating Aten, the sun disc, above the traditional gods. The policy scandalized the Egyptian establishment and, in the absence of clear motives, has been suspected as the product of insanity.^[23]
Nebuchadnezzar II (c. 634 BC – c. 562 BC, ruled c. 605 BC – c. 562 BC) is described in the Bible as displaying symptoms consistent with boanthropy.^[24]
Majd al-Dawla (993–1029, ruled 997–1029) was experiencing boanthropy until he was cured by Avicenna, according to Persian traditions.^[25]
al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, Fatimid Caliph (985 – 1021, ruled 996 – 1021) became notorious in the West as the "mad caliph" for his exceptional persecution of Christians and Jews, including the mandate of distinctive dress and the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
Mustafa I of the Ottoman Empire (1600 – 1639, reigned 1617 – 1618 and 1622 – 1623) was a palace prisoner throughout his life except during his brief reigns, having been spared the fratricide that normally accompanied Ottoman succession. As sultan he displayed profound eccentricity and delusions.^[26] Historians differ on whether his mental condition was a natural disability or the result of his imprisonment.^[27]
Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire (1615 – 1648, reigned 1640 – 1648) was, like Mustafa, a palace prisoner. During his reign he neglected politics for sexual pleasure and was easily manipulated by favorites.^[26]
Talal of Jordan (1909–1972, ruled 1951–1952) was forced to abdicate the throne after being unsuccessfully treated for schizophrenia.^[28]

East Asian monarchs

Emperor Yōzei (陽成天皇, Yōzei-tennō, 869–949, ruled 876–884) was described by the 14th-century historian Kitabatake Chikafusa as affected by madness, killing people and animals without reason. His unstable and violent behavior prompted his advisors to force his abdication in 884.^[29]
Emperor Taishō (大正天皇, Taishō-tennō, 1879–1926, ruled 1912–1926) of Japan, had a variety of neurological disorders, which though at least partially physical in origin incorporated psychological elements as well. Discussion or criticism of an emperor, including that of health issues, remains a controversial subject in Japan for cultural, political, and religious reasons and is referred to as the Chrysanthemum taboo.^[30]^[31]^[32]

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References

↑ Alexandria, Philo of (2017-09-22). On the Embassy to Gaius. ISBN 1-9775-1584-3.
↑ Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (2015-12-30). Of Consolation to Polybius. Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 1-5229-9193-X.
↑ Walker, Cayce (2020-05-13). "The Reign of Nero: A Delusional Journey to Suicide". Eagle Scholar. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
↑ Pace, Eric (18 June 1985). "Nero Emerges as Ruthless but Less Baffling". The New York Times.
↑ Green, Vivian Hubert Howard (2005-01-01). The Madness of Kings. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-3778-5.
↑ Augusta, Historia (2012-02-17). "ANTONINUS HELIOGABALUS: Chapter 2". Loeb Classical Library. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
↑ Pearse, Roger. "John of Ephesus, Ecclesiastical History, Part 3 -- Book 3". The Tertullian Project. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
1 2 Tuchman, Barbara (1978). A Distant Mirror. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-30145-5.
↑ McCleery, Iona (2009). "Both "illness and temptation of the enemy": melancholy, the medieval patient and the writings of King Duarte of Portugal (r. 1433–38)". Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies. 1 (2): 163–178. doi:10.1080/17546550903136041. PMC 3158133 . PMID 21874137.
↑ María A. Gómez; Santiago Juan-Navarro; Phyllis Zatlin (2008), Juana of Castile: history and myth of the mad queen (illustrated ed.), Associated University Presse, pp. 9, 12–13, 85, ISBN 978-0-8387-5704-8
↑ Dahlström, G.; Swahn, J-Ö (1984). Bra Böckers Lexikon Book nr 7. Bra Böcker AB.
↑ "Philip V of Spain (1683–1746)". Encyclopedia.com. 2024-06-15. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
↑ "Ferdinand VI | king of Spain". Encyclopedia Britannica. 19 September 2023.
↑ Roberts, Jenifer (2009). The Madness of Queen Maria. Templeton Press. ISBN 978-0-9545589-1-8.
↑ "King George III: Mad or misunderstood?". BBC News. July 13, 2004. Retrieved 2007-07-15.
↑ Hatton, R. M. (1957). "Scandinavia and the Baltic". In Lindsay, J. O. (ed.). The New Cambridge Modern History. Volume 7, The Old Regime, 1713–1763 (Reprinted. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 342. ISBN 978-0-521-04545-2.
↑ Hacker, R; Seitz, M; Förstl, H (October 2007). "Ludwig II. von Bayern – schizotype Persönlichkeit und frontotemporale Degeneration?". Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift. 132 (40): 2096–2099. doi:10.1055/s-2007-985648. PMID 17899506. S2CID 260110058.
1 2 King, Greg (1996). The Mad King (A Biography of Ludwig II of Bavaria) . London: Aurum Press. pp. 252–255. ISBN 978-1-55972-362-6.
↑ Hippius, Hanns; Möller, Hans-Jürgen; Neundörfer-Kohl, Gabriele (2010-10-19). The University Department of Psychiatry in Munich. Springer. p. 27. ISBN 3-642-09331-0.
↑ Hacker, R; Seitz, M; Förstl, H (2007). "Ludwig II. von Bayern - schizotype Persönlichkeit und frontotemporale Degeneration?". Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (in German). 132 (40). Georg Thieme Verlag KG: 2096–2099. doi:10.1055/s-2007-985648. ISSN 0012-0472.
↑ Frank B. Tipton (2003). A History of Modern Germany Since 1815. U of California Press. pp. 243–44. ISBN 978-0-520-24049-0.
↑ John C. G. Röhl; Nicolaus Sombart (1982). Kaiser Wilhelm II New Interpretations: The Corfu Papers. Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0-521-01990-3.
↑ Blumberg, Arnold (1995-01-16). Great Leaders, Great Tyrants?. Westport, Conn: Greenwood. p. 4. ISBN 0-313-28751-1.
↑ Jung, C. G. C. G. (2018-07-17). Analytical Psychology. p. 123. ISBN 1-7230-1099-5.
↑ تبیان, موسسه فرهنگی و اطلاع رسانی (21 August 2008). "معالجه کردن بوعلی سینا / آن صاحب مالیخولیا را". article.tebyan.net.
1 2 Rank, Scott (2020-05-12). History's 9 Most Insane Rulers. Washington, DC: Regnery History. ISBN 1-68451-006-6. OCLC 1135449212.
↑ Duducu, Jem (2012). The Sultans.
↑ ""Schizophrenia," Time Magazine, 18 August 1952". Archived from the original on September 5, 2007.
↑ Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran . Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691.
↑ Bix, Herbert P. (2001-09-04). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: Harper Collins. p. 22. ISBN 0-06-093130-2.
↑ [See Asahi Shimbun, March 14, 2011, among many other reports.]
↑ [ Nagataka Kuroda. "Higeki no Teiou – Taisho Tennou". Bungeishunjū, February 1959.]

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[y336-1] Alexandria, Philo of (2017-09-22). On the Embassy to Gaius. ISBN 1-9775-1584-3.

[k675-2] Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (2015-12-30). Of Consolation to Polybius. Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 1-5229-9193-X.

[a659-3] Walker, Cayce (2020-05-13). "The Reign of Nero: A Delusional Journey to Suicide". Eagle Scholar. Retrieved 2024-07-06.

[4] Pace, Eric (18 June 1985). "Nero Emerges as Ruthless but Less Baffling". The New York Times.

[v191-5] Green, Vivian Hubert Howard (2005-01-01). The Madness of Kings. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-3778-5.

[k045-6] Augusta, Historia (2012-02-17). "ANTONINUS HELIOGABALUS: Chapter 2". Loeb Classical Library. Retrieved 2024-07-06.

[w280-7] Pearse, Roger. "John of Ephesus, Ecclesiastical History, Part 3 -- Book 3". The Tertullian Project. Retrieved 2024-07-06.

[Tuchman-8] 1 2 Tuchman, Barbara (1978). A Distant Mirror. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-30145-5.

[9] McCleery, Iona (2009). "Both "illness and temptation of the enemy": melancholy, the medieval patient and the writings of King Duarte of Portugal (r. 1433–38)". Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies. 1 (2): 163–178. doi:10.1080/17546550903136041. PMC 3158133 . PMID 21874137.

[gomez-10] María A. Gómez; Santiago Juan-Navarro; Phyllis Zatlin (2008), Juana of Castile: history and myth of the mad queen (illustrated ed.), Associated University Presse, pp. 9, 12–13, 85, ISBN 978-0-8387-5704-8

[11] Dahlström, G.; Swahn, J-Ö (1984). Bra Böckers Lexikon Book nr 7. Bra Böcker AB.

[y830-12] "Philip V of Spain (1683–1746)". Encyclopedia.com. 2024-06-15. Retrieved 2024-07-06.

[13] "Ferdinand VI | king of Spain". Encyclopedia Britannica. 19 September 2023.

[14] Roberts, Jenifer (2009). The Madness of Queen Maria. Templeton Press. ISBN 978-0-9545589-1-8.

[15] "King George III: Mad or misunderstood?". BBC News. July 13, 2004. Retrieved 2007-07-15.

[16] Hatton, R. M. (1957). "Scandinavia and the Baltic". In Lindsay, J. O. (ed.). The New Cambridge Modern History. Volume 7, The Old Regime, 1713–1763 (Reprinted. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 342. ISBN 978-0-521-04545-2.

[17] Hacker, R; Seitz, M; Förstl, H (October 2007). "Ludwig II. von Bayern – schizotype Persönlichkeit und frontotemporale Degeneration?". Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift. 132 (40): 2096–2099. doi:10.1055/s-2007-985648. PMID 17899506. S2CID 260110058.

[King1996-18] 1 2 King, Greg (1996). The Mad King (A Biography of Ludwig II of Bavaria) . London: Aurum Press. pp. 252–255. ISBN 978-1-55972-362-6.

[y120-19] Hippius, Hanns; Möller, Hans-Jürgen; Neundörfer-Kohl, Gabriele (2010-10-19). The University Department of Psychiatry in Munich. Springer. p. 27. ISBN 3-642-09331-0.

[b257-20] Hacker, R; Seitz, M; Förstl, H (2007). "Ludwig II. von Bayern - schizotype Persönlichkeit und frontotemporale Degeneration?". Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (in German). 132 (40). Georg Thieme Verlag KG: 2096–2099. doi:10.1055/s-2007-985648. ISSN 0012-0472.

[21] Frank B. Tipton (2003). A History of Modern Germany Since 1815. U of California Press. pp. 243–44. ISBN 978-0-520-24049-0.

[22] John C. G. Röhl; Nicolaus Sombart (1982). Kaiser Wilhelm II New Interpretations: The Corfu Papers. Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0-521-01990-3.

[h436-23] Blumberg, Arnold (1995-01-16). Great Leaders, Great Tyrants?. Westport, Conn: Greenwood. p. 4. ISBN 0-313-28751-1.

[i715-24] Jung, C. G. C. G. (2018-07-17). Analytical Psychology. p. 123. ISBN 1-7230-1099-5.

[25] تبیان, موسسه فرهنگی و اطلاع رسانی (21 August 2008). "معالجه کردن بوعلی سینا / آن صاحب مالیخولیا را". article.tebyan.net.

[rank-26] 1 2 Rank, Scott (2020-05-12). History's 9 Most Insane Rulers. Washington, DC: Regnery History. ISBN 1-68451-006-6. OCLC 1135449212.

[27] Duducu, Jem (2012). The Sultans.

[28] ""Schizophrenia," Time Magazine, 18 August 1952". Archived from the original on September 5, 2007.

[29] Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran . Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691.

[b227-30] Bix, Herbert P. (2001-09-04). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: Harper Collins. p. 22. ISBN 0-06-093130-2.

[31] [See Asahi Shimbun, March 14, 2011, among many other reports.]

[32] [ Nagataka Kuroda. "Higeki no Teiou – Taisho Tennou". Bungeishunjū, February 1959.]

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