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The Antarctic is a polar region around Earth's South Pole, opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole. The Antarctic comprises the continent of Antarctica, the Kerguelen Plateau and other island territories located on the Antarctic Plate or south of the Antarctic Convergence. The Antarctic region includes the ice shelves, waters, and all the island territories in the Southern Ocean situated south of the Antarctic Convergence, a zone approximately 32 to 48 km wide varying in latitude seasonally. The region covers some 20 percent of the Southern Hemisphere, of which 5.5 percent is the surface area of the Antarctica continent itself. All of the land and ice shelves south of 60°S latitude are administered under the Antarctic Treaty System. Biogeographically, the Antarctic realm is one of eight biogeographic realms of Earth's land surface.
Emilio Marcos Palma Morella is an Argentine man who was the first documented person born on the continent of Antarctica.
Esperanza Base is a permanent, all-year-round Argentine research station in Hope Bay, Trinity Peninsula. It is one of only two civilian settlements in Antarctica. The base's motto is Permanencia, un acto de sacrificio.
Argentine Antarctica is an area of Antarctica claimed by Argentina as part of its national territory. It consists of the Antarctic Peninsula and a triangular section extending to the South Pole, delimited by the 25° West and 74° West meridians and the 60° South parallel. This region overlaps the British and Chilean claims in Antarctica. Argentina's Antarctic claim is based on its continued presence in the region since 1904, and the area's proximity to the South American continent. Argentina's claim to this area is subject to the Antarctic Treaty. Administratively, Argentine Antarctica is a department of the province of Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica, and South Atlantic Islands. The provincial authorities are based in Ushuaia. Despite the claim to this Antarctic area, Argentinean authority extends no further than the nation's bases. The Argentine exploration of the continent started early in the 20th century. José María Sobral was the first Argentine to set foot on Antarctica, in 1902, where he spent two seasons with the Swedish Antarctic Expedition of Otto Nordenskiöld. Shortly afterward, in 1904, the Orcadas permanent base was already fully operational. Years later other bases would be created, some permanent and others seasonal. The first Argentine expedition to reach the South Pole was the 1965 Operación 90.
The Argentine Army is the land armed force branch of the Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic and the senior military service of Argentina. Under the Argentine Constitution, the president of Argentina is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces, exercising his or her command authority through the Minister of Defense.
Colonization of Antarctica refers to establishment of civilian settlements in Antarctica having humans, including families, living on the continent of Antarctica. Currently, the continent hosts only two civilian colonies, the Argentinian-administered Esperanza Base and Chilean-administered Villa Las Estrellas, as well as about 70 scientific and military bases with a largely temporary transient population of scientists and support staff from people from all over the world. Antarctica is the only continent on Earth without indigenous human inhabitants, despite its proximity to Argentina and Chile at the Antarctic Peninsula.
San Martín Base is a permanent, all year-round Argentine Antarctic base and scientific research station named after General José de San Martín, the Libertador of Argentina, Chile and Perú. It is located on Barry Island, Marguerite Bay, Antarctic Peninsula.
Operación Soberanía was a planned Argentine military invasion of Chile due to the Beagle conflict. The invasion was initiated on 22 December 1978 but was halted after a few hours and Argentine forces retreated from the conflict zone without a fight. Whether the Argentine infantry actually crossed the border into Chile has not been established. Argentine sources insist that they crossed the border.
Antarctica has no permanent residents. It contains research stations and field camps that are staffed seasonally or year-round, and former whaling settlements. Approximately 12 nations, all signatory to the Antarctic Treaty, send personnel to perform seasonal (summer) or year-round research on the continent and in its surrounding oceans.
The Argentine Army Aviation is the army aviation branch of the Argentine Army. Their members have the same rank insignia and titles as the rest of the Army.
The VLEGA (an acronym for "Vehículo Liviano de Empleo General Aerotransportable" Gaucho was a prototype of a military light utility 4x4 vehicle, capable of being transported by air. It was developed by Argentina and Brazil in the 2000s for employment by their militaries. Some of its uses included: cargo/transport, reconnaissance, ambulance, special operations.
The Instituto Antártico Argentino is the Argentine federal agency in charge of orientating, controlling, addressing and performing scientific and technical research and studies in the Antarctic.
Argentina was one of the twelve original signatories of the Antarctic Treaty which was signed in December 1, 1959, and came in force on 21 June 1961.
Orders, decorations, and medals of Argentina include:
María Isabel Pansa is an Argentine military officer. She is the first woman to attain the rank of general de brigada in the Argentine Army.
The Army Aviation Command is an Argentine Army army aviation command. It is based at Campo de Mayo Military Airfield.
The Army General Staff is the supreme staff of the Argentine Army. It is based at the Libertador Building, Buenos Aires. His chief is the brigadier general Agustín Humberto Cejas.
Gustavo Adolfo Giró Tapper was an Argentine and military explorer who participated in the foundation of the first Antarctic bases.
References
- ↑ "Registro civil "Base Esperanza"", Sitio Oficial del Ejército Argentino - Desarrollado por el Departamento Comunicación Institucional - Secretaría General del Ejército Azopardo 250 (Official website), Ejército Argentino (Argentine Army), archived from the original on 2010-01-17