List of reverse zoonotic diseases

This is a list of reverse zoonotic diseases , infectious diseases that have been reported to jump from a human to a non-human animal.

Causative pathogen key

Virus	Bacteria	Parasite	Fungi

	Disease [1]	Pathogens	Animals affected	Mode of transmission	Transmission occurrences
	African trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness)	Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense	wildlife, livestock	bite of the tsetse fly	Natural transmission cycle in African trypanosomiasis-endemic areas.
	Avian influenza	Influenza A virus subtype H1N1	livestock, companion animals, wildlife	direct contact, fomites, oral route, aerosols, inoculation	Livestock farms, households, veterinary hospitals, slaughterhouse, veterinary laboratories in Argentina, Australia, Canada, Chile, China, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Iceland, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States, Vietnam.
	COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019)	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	companion animals, ferrets, livestock	aerosols, inoculation	Susceptability studies in the Netherlands [2] and China.
	Dengue fever	Dengue virus	primates	mosquito bite (primarily by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus )	Natural transmission cycle in Dengue-endemic areas.
	Giardiasis	Giardia duodenalis	wildlife, livestock	direct contact, oral route	National parks in Uganda. Livestock farms in Canada. Wildlife in Ghana. Zoos in Australia, Namibia, Zambia.
	Hepatitis E	Hepatitis E virus	domestic and wild animals	contaminated food or water	Wildlife and commercially sold laboratory animals in United States.
	Human herpesvirus 1 infection	Herpes simplex virus 1	companion animals and wildlife	direct contact, fomites, aerosols	Several reports of human to primate transmission. [3] [4]
	Human herpesvirus 4 infection	Epstein–Barr virus	companion animals and wildlife	direct contact, fomites, aerosols	Several reports of human to dogs and rodents transmission. [3] [5]
	Human metapneumovirus infection	Human metapneumovirus	primates	direct contact, aerosols	National Park in Tanzania.
	Microsporidiosis	Encephalitozoon intestinalis	wildlife	direct contact, oral route	National park in Uganda. [6]
	MRSA infection	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus	livestock, companion animals	direct contact, fomites, oral route	Veterinary hospitals, slaughterhouses, households.
	Norovirus infection (Norwalk virus infection, winter vomiting disease)	Norovirus	companion animals	direct contact, indirect contact via contaminated surfaces, food, or water shared between humans and animals	Households in Thailand. [7]
	ORSA infection	Oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus	livestock	unclear (evidence of human origin confirmed by phylogenetic analysis)	Livestock facility in Taiwan. [8]
	Tuberculosis	Mycobacterium bovis , Mycobacterium tuberculosis	wildlife, companion animals, livestock	direct contact, oral route, aerosols	Zoos, veterinary hospitals, slaughterhouses in South Africa, United States, India, Ethiopia.

See also

• Zoonosis
• Reverse zoonosis
• Spillover infection
• Wildlife disease
• Veterinary medicine
• Wildlife smuggling and zoonoses
• List of zoonotic primate viruses
• List of zoonotic diseases

References

1. Information in this table is largely compiled from: Messenger, Ali M.; Barnes, Amber N.; Gray, Gregory C. (2014-02-28). "Reverse Zoonotic Disease Transmission (Zooanthroponosis): A Systematic Review of Seldom-Documented Human Biological Threats to Animals". PLOS ONE. 9 (2): e89055. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...989055M. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089055 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   3938448 . PMID   24586500.
2. van Aart, Anna E.; Velkers, Francisca C.; Fischer, Egil A.J.; Broens, Els M.; Egberink, Herman; Zhao, Shan; Engelsma, Marc; Hakze-van der Honing, Renate W.; Harders, Frank; de Rooij, Myrna M.T.; Radstake, Carien; Meijer, Paola A.; Oude Munnink, Bas B.; de Rond, Jan; Sikkema, Reina S. (2021-06-10). "SARS-CoV-2 infection in cats and dogs in infected mink farms". Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 69 (5): 3001–3007. doi:10.1111/tbed.14173. ISSN   1865-1674. PMC   8242445 . PMID   34080762.
3. Tischer, B. Karsten; Osterrieder, Nikolaus (2010). "Herpesviruses—A zoonotic threat?". Veterinary Microbiology. 140 (3–4): 266–270. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.06.020. ISSN   0378-1135. PMC   2815145 . PMID   19616388.
4. Mätz-Rensing, K.; Jentsch, K. D.; Rensing, S.; Langenhuyzen, S.; Verschoor, E.; Niphuis, H.; Kaup, F.-J. (2003). "Fatal Herpes simplex Infection in a Group of Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)". Veterinary Pathology. 40 (4): 405–411. doi:10.1354/vp.40-4-405. ISSN   0300-9858. PMID   12824512.
5. Yang, Lixin; Maruo, Seiji; Takada, Kenzo (2000-11-15). "CD21-Mediated Entry and Stable Infection by Epstein-Barr Virus in Canine and Rat Cells". Journal of Virology. 74 (22): 10745–10751. doi:10.1128/jvi.74.22.10745-10751.2000. ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   110949 . PMID   11044119.
6. Graczyk, Thaddeus; Bosco-Nizeyi, John; da Silva, Alexandre; Moura, Iaci; Pieniazek, Norman; Cranfield, Michael; Lindquist, Alan (2002-10-01). "A single genotype of Encephalitozoon intestinalis infects free-ranging gorillas and people sharing their habitats in Uganda". Parasitology Research. 88 (10): 926–931. doi:10.1007/s00436-002-0693-5. ISSN   0932-0113. PMID   12209334.
7. Charoenkul, Kamonpan; Nasamran, Chanakarn; Janetanakit, Taveesak; Tangwangvivat, Ratanaporn; Bunpapong, Napawan; Boonyapisitsopa, Supanat; Suwannakarn, Kamol; Theamboonler, Apiradee; Chuchaona, Watchaporn; Poovorawan, Yong; Amonsin, Alongkorn (2020). "Human Norovirus Infection in Dogs, Thailand". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 26 (2): 350–353. doi:10.3201/eid2602.191151. ISSN   1080-6040. PMC   6986825 . PMID   31961308.
8. Hsieh, Jui-Ming; Chen, Ren-Shinn; Tsai, Tsung-Yu; Pan, Tzu-Ming; Chou, Chin-Cheng (2008). "Phylogenetic analysis of livestock oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus". Veterinary Microbiology. 126 (1–3): 234–242. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.07.013. ISSN   0378-1135. PMID   17719189.