A list of more than 100 different single cell sequencing (omics) methods have been published. [1] The large majority of methods are paired with short-read sequencing technologies, although some of them are compatible with long read sequencing.
Method | Reference | Sequencing Mode | Early Estimate | Late Estimate |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tang method | [2] | Short Reads | 2008 | 2009 |
CyTOF | [3] | Short Reads | 2011 | 2012 |
STRT-seq / C1 | [4] | Short Reads | 2011 | 2012 |
SMART-seq | [5] | Short Reads | 2012 | 2013 |
CEL-seq | [6] | Short Reads | 2012 | 2013 |
Quartz-Seq | [7] | Short Reads | 2012 | 2013 |
PMA / SMA | [8] | Short Reads | 2012 | 2013 |
scBS-seq | [9] | Short Reads | 2013 | 2014 |
AbPair | [10] | Short Reads | 2014 | 2014 |
MARS-seq | [11] | Short Reads | 2014 | 2015 |
DR-seq | [12] | Short Reads | 2014 | 2015 |
G&T-Seq | [13] | Short Reads | 2014 | 2015 |
SCTG | [14] | Short Reads | 2014 | 2015 |
SIDR-seq | [15] | Short Reads | 2014 | 2015 |
sci-ATAC-seq | [16] | Short Reads | 2014 | 2015 |
Hi-SCL | [17] | Short Reads | 2015 | 2015 |
SUPeR-seq | [18] | Short Reads | 2015 | 2015 |
Drop-Chip | [19] | Short Reads | 2015 | 2015 |
CytoSeq | [20] | Short Reads | 2015 | 2016 |
inDrop | [21] | Short Reads | 2015 | 2016 |
sc-GEM | [22] | Short Reads | 2015 | 2016 |
scTrio-seq | [23] | Short Reads | 2015 | 2016 |
scM&T-seq | [24] | Short Reads | 2015 | 2016 |
PLAYR | [25] | Short Reads | 2015 | 2016 |
Genshaft-et-al-2016 | [26] | Short Reads | 2015 | 2016 |
Darmanis-et-al-2016 | [27] | Short Reads | 2015 | 2016 |
CRISP-seq | [28] | Short Reads | 2015 | 2016 |
scGESTALT | [29] | Short Reads | 2015 | 2016 |
CEL-Seq2 / C1 | [30] | Short Reads | 2015 | 2016 |
STRT-seq-2i | [31] | Short Reads | 2016 | 2017 |
RNAseq @10xgenomics | [32] | Short Reads | 2016 | 2017 |
RNAseq / Gene Expression @nanostringtech | [33] | Short Reads | 2016 | 2017 |
sc Targeted Gene Expression @fluidigm | [34] | Short Reads | 2016 | 2017 |
scTCR Wafergen | [35] | Short Reads | 2016 | 2017 |
CROP-seq | [36] | Short Reads | 2016 | 2017 |
SiC-seq | [37] | Short Reads | 2016 | 2017 |
mcSCRB-seq | [38] | Short Reads | 2016 | 2017 |
Patch-seq | [39] | Short Reads | 2016 | 2017 |
Geo-seq | [40] | Short Reads | 2016 | 2017 |
scNOMe-seq | [41] | Short Reads | 2016 | 2017 |
scCOOL-seq | [42] | Short Reads | 2016 | 2017 |
CUT&Run | [43] | Short Reads | 2016 | 2017 |
MATQ-seq | [44] | Short Reads | 2016 | 2017 |
Quartz-Seq2 | [45] | Short Reads | 2017 | 2018 |
Seq-Well | [46] | Short Reads | 2017 | 2018 |
DroNC-Seq | [47] | Short Reads | 2017 | 2018 |
sci-RNA-seq | [48] | Short Reads | 2017 | 2018 |
scATAC @10xgenomics | [49] | Short Reads | 2017 | 2018 |
scVDJ @10xgenomics | [50] | Short Reads | 2017 | 2018 |
scNMT triple omics | [51] | Short Reads | 2017 | 2018 |
SPLIT-seq Parse Biosciences | [52] | Short Reads | 2017 | 2018 |
CITE-Seq | [53] | Short Reads | 2017 | 2018 |
scMNase-seq | [54] | Short Reads | 2017 | 2018 |
Chaligne-et-al-2018 | [55] | Short Reads | 2017 | 2018 |
LINNAEUS | [56] | Short Reads | 2017 | 2018 |
TracerSeq | [57] | Short Reads | 2017 | 2018 |
CellTag | [58] | Short Reads | 2017 | 2018 |
ScarTrace | [59] | Short Reads | 2017 | 2018 |
scRNA-Seq Dolomite Bio | [60] | Short Reads | 2017 | 2018 |
Trac-looping | [61] | Short Reads | 2017 | 2018 |
Perturb-ATAC | [62] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
scMethylation | [63] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
scHiC | [64] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
Multiplex Droplet scRNAseq | [65] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
sci-CAR | [66] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
C1 CAGE single cell | [67] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
sc paired microRNA-mRNA | [68] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
scCAT-seq | [69] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
REAP-seq @fluidigm | [70] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
scCC | [71] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
yscRNA-SEQ | [72] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
TARGET-seq | [73] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
MULTI-seq | [74] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
snRNA-seq | [75] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
sci-RNA-seq3 | [76] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
BRIF-seq | [77] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
Drop-seq Dolomite Bio | [60] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
Slide-seq | [78] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
CUT&Tag | [79] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
CellTagging | [80] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
DART-Seq | [81] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
scDamID&T | [82] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
ACT-seq | [83] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
Sci-Hi-C | [84] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
Slide-seq | [85] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
Simplified-Drop-seq | [86] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
scChIC-seq | [87] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
Dip-C | [88] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
CoBATCH | [89] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
Convert-seq | [90] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
Droplet-based scATAC-seq | [91] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
ECCITE-seq | [92] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
dsciATAC-seq | [91] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
CLEVER-seq | [93] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
scISOr-Seq | [94] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
MARS-seq2.0 | [95] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
nano-NOMe | [96] | Long Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
MeSMLR-seq | [97] | Long Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
SMAC-seq | [98] | Long Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
MoonTag/SunTag | [99] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
SCoPE2 | [100] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
sci-fate | [101] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
μDamID | [102] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
Methyl-HiC | [103] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
RAGE-seq | [104] | Long Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
Paired-Seq | [105] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
Tn5Prime | [106] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
NanoPARE | [107] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
BART-Seq | [108] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
scDam&T-seq | [109] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
itChIP-seq | [110] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
SNARE-seq | [111] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
ASTAR-seq | [112] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
sci-Plex | [113] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
MIX-Seq | [114] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
microSPLiT | [115] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
PAIso-seq | [116] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
FIN-Seq | [117] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
LIBRA-seq | [118] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
scifi-RNA-seq | [119] | Short Reads | 2018 | 2019 |
plexDIA | [120] | Short Reads | 2021 | 2021 |
MPX | [121] | Short Reads | 2023 | 2023 |
Functional genomics is a field of molecular biology that attempts to describe gene functions and interactions. Functional genomics make use of the vast data generated by genomic and transcriptomic projects. Functional genomics focuses on the dynamic aspects such as gene transcription, translation, regulation of gene expression and protein–protein interactions, as opposed to the static aspects of the genomic information such as DNA sequence or structures. A key characteristic of functional genomics studies is their genome-wide approach to these questions, generally involving high-throughput methods rather than a more traditional "candidate-gene" approach.
Cross-linking and immunoprecipitation is a method used in molecular biology that combines UV crosslinking with immunoprecipitation in order to identify RNA binding sites of proteins on a transcriptome-wide scale, thereby increasing our understanding of post-transcriptional regulatory networks. CLIP can be used either with antibodies against endogenous proteins, or with common peptide tags or affinity purification, which enables the possibility of profiling model organisms or RBPs otherwise lacking suitable antibodies.
Chromosome conformation capture techniques are a set of molecular biology methods used to analyze the spatial organization of chromatin in a cell. These methods quantify the number of interactions between genomic loci that are nearby in 3-D space, but may be separated by many nucleotides in the linear genome. Such interactions may result from biological functions, such as promoter-enhancer interactions, or from random polymer looping, where undirected physical motion of chromatin causes loci to collide. Interaction frequencies may be analyzed directly, or they may be converted to distances and used to reconstruct 3-D structures.
SOLiD (Sequencing by Oligonucleotide Ligation and Detection) is a next-generation DNA sequencing technology developed by Life Technologies and has been commercially available since 2006. This next generation technology generates 108 - 109 small sequence reads at one time. It uses 2 base encoding to decode the raw data generated by the sequencing platform into sequence data.
ChIP-sequencing, also known as ChIP-seq, is a method used to analyze protein interactions with DNA. ChIP-seq combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to identify the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins. It can be used to map global binding sites precisely for any protein of interest. Previously, ChIP-on-chip was the most common technique utilized to study these protein–DNA relations.
Epigenomics is the study of the complete set of epigenetic modifications on the genetic material of a cell, known as the epigenome. The field is analogous to genomics and proteomics, which are the study of the genome and proteome of a cell. Epigenetic modifications are reversible modifications on a cell's DNA or histones that affect gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. Epigenomic maintenance is a continuous process and plays an important role in stability of eukaryotic genomes by taking part in crucial biological mechanisms like DNA repair. Plant flavones are said to be inhibiting epigenomic marks that cause cancers. Two of the most characterized epigenetic modifications are DNA methylation and histone modification. Epigenetic modifications play an important role in gene expression and regulation, and are involved in numerous cellular processes such as in differentiation/development and tumorigenesis. The study of epigenetics on a global level has been made possible only recently through the adaptation of genomic high-throughput assays.
RNA-Seq is a technique that uses next-generation sequencing to reveal the presence and quantity of RNA molecules in a biological sample, providing a snapshot of gene expression in the sample, also known as transcriptome.
Paired-end tags (PET) are the short sequences at the 5’ and 3' ends of a DNA fragment which are unique enough that they (theoretically) exist together only once in a genome, therefore making the sequence of the DNA in between them available upon search or upon further sequencing. Paired-end tags (PET) exist in PET libraries with the intervening DNA absent, that is, a PET "represents" a larger fragment of genomic or cDNA by consisting of a short 5' linker sequence, a short 5' sequence tag, a short 3' sequence tag, and a short 3' linker sequence. It was shown conceptually that 13 base pairs are sufficient to map tags uniquely. However, longer sequences are more practical for mapping reads uniquely. The endonucleases used to produce PETs give longer tags but sequences of 50–100 base pairs would be optimal for both mapping and cost efficiency. After extracting the PETs from many DNA fragments, they are linked (concatenated) together for efficient sequencing. On average, 20–30 tags could be sequenced with the Sanger method, which has a longer read length. Since the tag sequences are short, individual PETs are well suited for next-generation sequencing that has short read lengths and higher throughput. The main advantages of PET sequencing are its reduced cost by sequencing only short fragments, detection of structural variants in the genome, and increased specificity when aligning back to the genome compared to single tags, which involves only one end of the DNA fragment.
Single-cell sequencing examines the nucleic acid sequence information from individual cells with optimized next-generation sequencing technologies, providing a higher resolution of cellular differences and a better understanding of the function of an individual cell in the context of its microenvironment. For example, in cancer, sequencing the DNA of individual cells can give information about mutations carried by small populations of cells. In development, sequencing the RNAs expressed by individual cells can give insight into the existence and behavior of different cell types. In microbial systems, a population of the same species can appear genetically clonal. Still, single-cell sequencing of RNA or epigenetic modifications can reveal cell-to-cell variability that may help populations rapidly adapt to survive in changing environments.
ATAC-seq is a technique used in molecular biology to assess genome-wide chromatin accessibility. In 2013, the technique was first described as an alternative advanced method for MNase-seq, FAIRE-Seq and DNase-Seq. ATAC-seq is a faster analysis of the epigenome than DNase-seq or MNase-seq.
Perturb-seq refers to a high-throughput method of performing single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on pooled genetic perturbation screens. Perturb-seq combines multiplexed CRISPR mediated gene inactivations with single cell RNA sequencing to assess comprehensive gene expression phenotypes for each perturbation. Inferring a gene’s function by applying genetic perturbations to knock down or knock out a gene and studying the resulting phenotype is known as reverse genetics. Perturb-seq is a reverse genetics approach that allows for the investigation of phenotypes at the level of the transcriptome, to elucidate gene functions in many cells, in a massively parallel fashion.
Single-cell transcriptomics examines the gene expression level of individual cells in a given population by simultaneously measuring the RNA concentration of hundreds to thousands of genes. Single-cell transcriptomics makes it possible to unravel heterogeneous cell populations, reconstruct cellular developmental pathways, and model transcriptional dynamics — all previously masked in bulk RNA sequencing.
Transcriptomics technologies are the techniques used to study an organism's transcriptome, the sum of all of its RNA transcripts. The information content of an organism is recorded in the DNA of its genome and expressed through transcription. Here, mRNA serves as a transient intermediary molecule in the information network, whilst non-coding RNAs perform additional diverse functions. A transcriptome captures a snapshot in time of the total transcripts present in a cell. Transcriptomics technologies provide a broad account of which cellular processes are active and which are dormant. A major challenge in molecular biology is to understand how a single genome gives rise to a variety of cells. Another is how gene expression is regulated.
Single cell epigenomics is the study of epigenomics in individual cells by single cell sequencing. Since 2013, methods have been created including whole-genome single-cell bisulfite sequencing to measure DNA methylation, whole-genome ChIP-sequencing to measure histone modifications, whole-genome ATAC-seq to measure chromatin accessibility and chromosome conformation capture.
Spatial transcriptomics is a method for assigning cell types to their locations in the histological sections and can also be used to determine subcellular localization of mRNA molecules. First described in 2016 by Ståhl et al., it has since undergone a variety of improvements and modifications.
CITE-Seq is a method for performing RNA sequencing along with gaining quantitative and qualitative information on surface proteins with available antibodies on a single cell level. So far, the method has been demonstrated to work with only a few proteins per cell. As such, it provides an additional layer of information for the same cell by combining both proteomics and transcriptomics data. For phenotyping, this method has been shown to be as accurate as flow cytometry by the groups that developed it. It is currently one of the main methods, along with REAP-Seq, to evaluate both gene expression and protein levels simultaneously in different species.
MNase-seq, short for micrococcal nuclease digestion with deep sequencing, is a molecular biological technique that was first pioneered in 2006 to measure nucleosome occupancy in the C. elegans genome, and was subsequently applied to the human genome in 2008. Though, the term ‘MNase-seq’ had not been coined until a year later, in 2009. Briefly, this technique relies on the use of the non-specific endo-exonuclease micrococcal nuclease, an enzyme derived from the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, to bind and cleave protein-unbound regions of DNA on chromatin. DNA bound to histones or other chromatin-bound proteins may remain undigested. The uncut DNA is then purified from the proteins and sequenced through one or more of the various Next-Generation sequencing methods.
An RNA timestamp is a technology that enables the age of any given RNA transcript to be inferred by exploiting RNA editing. In this technique, the RNA of interest is tagged to an adenosine rich reporter motif that consists of multiple MS2 binding sites. These MS2 binding sites recruit a complex composed of ADAR2 and MCP. The binding of the ADAR2 enzyme to the RNA timestamp initiates the gradual conversion of adenosine to inosine molecules. Over time, these edits accumulate and are then read through RNA-seq. This technology allows us to glean cell-type specific temporal information associated with RNA-seq data, that until now, has not been accessible.
Single-cell genome and epigenome by transposases sequencing (scGET-seq) is a DNA sequencing method for profiling open and closed chromatin. In contrast to single-cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing (scATAC-seq), which only targets active euchromatin, scGET-seq is also capable of probing inactive heterochromatin.
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