List of software to detect low complexity regions in proteins

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Computational methods can study protein sequences to identify regions with low complexity, which can have particular properties regarding their function and structure.

NameLast updateUsageDescriptionOpen source?Reference
SAPS 1992 downloadable / web It describes several protein sequence statistics for the evaluation of distinctive characteristics of residue content and arrangement in primary structures.yes [1]
SEG1993 downloadable It is a two pass algorithm: first, identifies the LCR, and then performs local optimization by masking with Xs the LCRsyes [2]
fLPS 2017 downloadable / web It can readily handle very large protein data sets, such as might come from metagenomics projects. It is useful in searching for proteins with similar CBRs and for making functional inferences about CBRs for a protein of interestyes [3]
CAST 2000 downloadable (as geneCAST) web It identifies LCRs using iterative steps of local dynamic programming search and masking against a database of homopolymeric protein sequences.yes [4]
SIMPLE 2002 downloadable web It facilitates the quantification of the amount of simple sequence in proteins and determines the type of short motifs that show clustering above a certain threshold.yes [5]
Oj.py2001on requestA tool for demarcating low complexity protein domains.no [6]
DSR2003on requestIt calculates complexity using reciprocal complexity.no [7]
ScanCom2003on requestCalculates the compositional complexity using the linguistic complexity measure.no [8]
CARD2005on requestBased on the complexity analysis of subsequences delimited by pairs of identical, repeating subsequences.no [9]
BIAS 2006 downloadable / web It uses discrete scan statistics that provide a highly accurate multiple test correction to compute analytical estimates of the significance of each compositionally biased segment.yes [10]
GBA2006on requestA graph-based algorithm that constructs a graph of the sequence.no [11]
SubSeqer 2008 web A graph-based approach for the detection and identification of repetitive elements in low–complexity sequences.no [12]
ANNIE 2009 web This method creates an automation of the sequence analytic process.no [13]
LPS-annotate2011on requestThis algorithm defines compositional bias through a thorough search for lowest-probability subsequences (LPSs; Low Probability Sequences) and serves as workbench of tools now available to molecular biologists to generate hypotheses and inferences about the proteins that they are investigating.no [14]
LCReXXXplorer 2015 web A web platform to search, visualize and share data for low complexity regions in protein sequences. LCR-eXXXplorer offers tools for displaying LCRs from the UniProt/SwissProt knowledgebase, in combination with other relevant protein features, predicted or experimentally verified. Also, users may perform queries against a custom designed sequence/LCR-centric database.no [15]
XNU1993 downloadable It uses the PAM120 scoring matrix for the calculation of complexity.yes [16]
AlcoR2022 downloadable A compression-based and alignment-free tool for detecting low-complexity regions in biological data (see: Kolmogorov complexity § Compression)yes [17]

For a comprehensive review on the various methods and tools, see. [18]

In addition, a web meta-server named PLAtform of TOols for LOw COmplexity (PlaToLoCo) has been developed, for visualization and annotation of low complexity regions in proteins. [19] PlaToLoCo integrates and collects the output of five different state-of-the-art tools for discovering LCRs and provides functional annotations such as domain detection, transmembrane segment prediction, and calculation of amino acid frequencies. Furthermore, the union or intersection of the results of the search on a query sequence can be obtained.

A Neural Network webserver, named LCR-hound has been developed to predict the function of prokaryotic and eukaryotic LCRs, based on their amino acid or di-amino acid (bigram) content. [20]

References

  1. ↑ Brendel V, Bucher P, Nourbakhsh IR, Blaisdell BE, Karlin S (15 Mar 1992). "Methods and algorithms for statistical analysis of protein sequences". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 89 (6): 2002–2006. Bibcode:1992PNAS...89.2002B. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.6.2002 . PMC   48584 . PMID   1549558.
  2. ↑ Wootton JC, Federhen S (June 2003). "Statistics of local complexity in amino acid sequences and sequence databases". Computers and Chemistry. 17 (2): 149–163. doi:10.1016/0097-8485(93)85006-X.
  3. ↑ Harrison PM (13 Nov 2017). "fLPS: Fast discovery of compositional biases for the protein universe". BMC Bioinformatics. 18 (1): 476. doi: 10.1186/s12859-017-1906-3 . PMC   5684748 . PMID   29132292.
  4. ↑ Promponas VJ, Enright AJ, Tsoka S, Kreil DP, Leroy C, Hamodrakas S, Sander C, Ouzounis CA (Oct 2000). "CAST: an iterative algorithm for the complexity analysis of sequence tracts". Bioinformatics. 16 (10): 915–922. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/16.10.915 . PMID   11120681.
  5. ↑ Albà MM, Laskowski RA, Hancock JM (May 2002). "Detecting cryptically simple protein sequences using the SIMPLE algorithm". Bioinformatics. 18 (5): 672–678. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/18.5.672 . PMID   12050063.
  6. ↑ Wise MJ (2001). "0j.py: a software tool for low complexity proteins and protein domains". Bioinformatics. 17 (Suppl 1): S288 –S295. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/17.suppl_1.s288 . PMID   11473020.
  7. ↑ Wan H, Li L, Federhen S, Wootton JC (2003). "Discovering simple regions in biological sequences associated with scoring schemes". J Comput Biol. 10 (2): 171–185. doi:10.1089/106652703321825955. PMID   12804090.
  8. ↑ Nandi T, Dash D, Ghai R, B-Rao C, Kannan K, Brahmachari SK, Ramakrishnan C, Ramachandran S (2003). "A new algorithm for detecting low-complexity regions in protein sequences". J Biomol Struct Dyn. 20 (5): 657–668. doi:10.1080/07391102.2003.10506882. PMID   12643768. S2CID   45635217.
  9. ↑ Shin SW, Kim SM (15 Jan 2005). "A novel complexity measure for comparative analysis of protein sequences from complete genomes". Bioinformatics. 21 (2): 160–170. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bth497 . PMID   15333459.
  10. ↑ Kuznetsov IB, Hwang S (1 May 2006). "A novel sensitive method for the detection of user-defined compositional bias in biological sequences". Bioinformatics. 22 (9): 1055–1063. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btl049 . PMID   16500936.
  11. ↑ Li X, Kahveci T (15 Dec 2006). "A Novel algorithm for identifying low-complexity regions in a protein sequence". Bioinformatics. 22 (24): 2980–2987. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btl495 . PMID   17018537.
  12. ↑ He D, Parkinson J (1 Apr 2008). "SubSeqer: a graph-based approach for the detection and identification of repetitive elements in low-complexity sequences". Bioinformatics. 24 (7): 1016–1017. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btn073 . PMID   18304932.
  13. ↑ Ooi HS, Kwo CY, Wildpaner M, Sirota FL, Eisenhaber B, Maurer-Stroh S, Wong WC, Schleiffer A, Eisenhaber F, Schneider G (Jul 2009). "ANNIE: integrated de novo protein sequence annotation". Nucleic Acids Res. 37 (Web server issue): W435 –W440. doi:10.1093/nar/gkp254. PMC   2703921 . PMID   19389726.
  14. ↑ Harbi D, Kumar M, Harrison PM (6 Jan 2011). "LPS-annotate: complete annotation of compositionally biased regions in the protein knowledgebase". Database (Oxford). 2011: baq031. doi:10.1093/database/baq031. PMC   3017391 . PMID   21216786.
  15. ↑ Kirmitzoglou I, Promponas VJ (1 Jul 2015). "LCR-eXXXplorer: a web platform to search, visualize and share data for low complexity regions in protein sequences". Bioinformatics. 31 (13): 2208–2210. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btv115. PMC   4481844 . PMID   25712690.
  16. ↑ Claverie JM, States D (June 1993). "Information enhancement methods for large scale sequence analysis". Computers Chem. 17 (2): 191–201. doi:10.1016/0097-8485(93)85010-a.
  17. ↑ Silva JM, Qi W, Pinho AJ, Pratas D (2022-12-28). "AlcoR: alignment-free simulation, mapping, and visualization of low-complexity regions in biological data". GigaScience. 12. doi:10.1093/gigascience/giad101. ISSN   2047-217X. PMC   10716826 . PMID   38091509.
  18. ↑ Mier P, Paladin L, Tamana S, Petrosian S, Hajdu-Soltész B, Urbanek A, Gruca A, Plewczynski D, Grynberg M, Bernadó P, Gáspári Z (2020-03-23). "Disentangling the complexity of low complexity proteins". Briefings in Bioinformatics. 21 (2): 458–472. doi:10.1093/bib/bbz007. ISSN   1467-5463. PMC   7299295 . PMID   30698641.
  19. ↑ Jarnot P, Ziemska-Legiecka J, Dobson L, Merski M, Mier P, Andrade-Navarro MA, Hancock JM, Dosztányi Z, Paladin L, Necci M, Piovesan D (2020-07-02). "PlaToLoCo: the first web meta-server for visualization and annotation of low complexity regions in proteins". Nucleic Acids Research. 48 (W1): W77 –W84. doi:10.1093/nar/gkaa339. ISSN   0305-1048. PMC   7319588 . PMID   32421769.
  20. ↑ Ntountoumi C, Vlastaridis P, Mossialos D, Stathopoulos C, Iliopoulos I, Promponas V, Oliver SG, Amoutzias GD (2019-11-04). "Low complexity regions in the proteins of prokaryotes perform important functional roles and are highly conserved". Nucleic Acids Research. 47 (19): 9998–10009. doi:10.1093/nar/gkz730. ISSN   0305-1048. PMC   6821194 . PMID   31504783.
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