List of survivors of Sobibór

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This is a list of survivors of the Sobibór extermination camp . The list is divided into two groups: the first comprises the 58 known survivors of those selected to perform forced labour for the camp's daily operation; the second comprises those deported to Sobibór but selected there for forced labor in other camps. In contrast, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum states that at least 167,000 people were murdered in the Sobibór extermination camp. The Dutch Sobibor Foundation lists a calculated total of 170,165 people and cites the Höfle Telegram among its sources while noting that other estimates range up to 300,000. [1] [2]

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Holocaust museum in Washington, D.C.

The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) is the United States' official memorial to the Holocaust. Adjacent to the National Mall in Washington, D.C., the USHMM provides for the documentation, study, and interpretation of Holocaust history. It is dedicated to helping leaders and citizens of the world confront hatred, prevent genocide, promote human dignity, and strengthen democracy.

Höfle Telegram document

The Höfle Telegram is a cryptic one-page document, discovered in 2000 among the declassified World War II archives of the Public Record Office in Kew, England. The document consists of several cables in translation, among them a top-secret message sent by SS Sturmbannführer Hermann Höfle on 11 January 1943; one, to SS Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann in Berlin, and one to SS Obersturmbannführer Franz Heim in German-occupied Kraków (Cracow).

Contents

Survivors among Sobibór's forced labourers

This list might be incomplete, but it is as complete as current records allow. There were 58 known Sobibór survivors: 48 male and 10 female. Except where noted, the survivors were Arbeitshäftlinge, inmates who performed slave-labour for the daily operation of the camp, who escaped during the camp-wide revolt on October 14, 1943. The vast majority of the people taken to Sobibór did not survive but were shot or gassed immediately upon arrival. Of the Arbeitshäftlinge forced to work as Sonderkommando in Lager III, the camp's extermination area where the gas chambers and most of the mass graves were located, no one survived.

<i>Sonderkommando</i> work units of German Nazi death camp prisoners forced to dispose of corpses

Sonderkommandos were work units made up of German Nazi death camp prisoners. They were composed of prisoners, usually Jews, who were forced, on threat of their own deaths, to aid with the disposal of gas chamber victims during the Holocaust. The death-camp Sonderkommandos, who were always inmates, were unrelated to the SS-Sonderkommandos which were ad hoc units formed from various SS offices between 1938 and 1945.

NameBirthDeathAgeNationalityEthnicityArrivalNotes
Moshe Bahir [3] [4] July 19, 1927November 200275PolishJewishMay 24, 1942Witness at the Eichmann trial. Changed name from Moshe Szklarek.
Antonius BardachMay 16, 1909Circa 195950PolishJewishMarch 30, 1943 [3]
Philip Bialowitz November 25, 1929August 6, 2016PolishJewishApril 28, 1943Brother of Symcha Bialowitz. [3] [4]
Symcha BialowitzDecember 6, 1912February 2014101PolishJewishApril 28, 1943Brother of Philip Bialowitz. [3] [4]
Rachel Birnbaum1926March 201387PolishJewishHid in the forest upon arriving at the camp. [5]
Jakob BiskubiczMarch 17, 1926March 200275 or 76PolishJewishJune 1942Joined the Parczew partisans. [3] [4]
Thomas "Toivi" Blatt [3] [6] April 15, 1927October 31, 201588PolishJewishApril 23, 1943Escaped in revolt. Witness in post-war testimony against SS Staff Sergeant Karl Frenzel. Wrote Sobibor memoir From the Ashes of Sobibor and assisted with the writing of Escape from Sobibor.
Herschel Cukierman [3] April 15, 1893July 197986PolishJewishMay 1942Father of Josef Cukierman.
Josef Cukierman [3] May 26, 1930June 15, 196333PolishJewishMay 1942Son of Herschel Cukierman
Josef DuniecDecember 21, 1912December 1, 196552PolishJewishMarch 30, 1943Died of a heart attack before he was expected to testify at the Sobibor trial. [3]
Leon Cymiel [4] February 20, 1924199773PolishJewishSurname also spelled Szymiel. Testimony available at ushmm.org
Shlomo Elster [3] December 1, 1908199283PolishJewishNovember 1942
Chaim Engel [3] [7] January 10, 1916July 4, 200387PolishJewishNovember 6, 1942Killed SS-Oberscharführer (Staff Sergeant) Rudolf Beckmann during revolt. Escaped with Selma Wijnberg-Engel and survived the rest of the war in hiding. The two later married. [8]
Selma Engel-Wijnberg [3] [7] May 15, 1922December 4, 201896DutchJewishApril 9, 1943Escaped with Chaim Engel during the revolt. They survived the rest of the war in hiding together. The two later married. [8]
Leon Feldhendler [3] [4] 1910April 6, 194534 or 35PolishJewishearly 1943One of the main organizers of the revolt. After fighting as a partisan, made his way back to Lublin, where he was murdered amid the crime-wave of the so-called Soviet liberation.
Dov Freiberg [3] [4] May 15, 1927March 200880PolishJewishMay 15, 1942Witness at the Eichmann trial.
Catharina Gokkes [3] [4] [9] September 1, 1923September 20, 194421DutchJewishApril 9, 1943Escaped Sobibor and joined Parczew partisans; died before hostilities in the region ceased. [10] [lower-alpha 1] [12] [13]
Herman Gerstenberg [3] October 8, 1909June 8, 198777PolishJewishMarch 14, 1943Changed his last name to Posner or Pozner.
Mordechai Goldfarb [3] [4] March 15, 1920June 8, 198464PolishJewishNovember 6, 1942Joined the Parczew partisans.
Josef Herszman1925200580PolishJewish1942 [3] [4]
Moshe HochmanMarch 15, 1953June 8, 199340PolishJewish [3] [4]
Zyndel Honigman [3] April 10, 1910July 198979PolishJewishNovember 1942Escaped from the camp, not as part of the camp-wide revolt. Joined the Parczew partisans.
Abram KohnJuly 25, 1910January 19, 198675PolishJewishMay 1942 [3]
Josef Kopp1944 or 1945PolishJewish1942Allegedly escaped by killing a Ukrainian guard on July 27, 1943 while on duties outside of the camp in the nearby village of Zlobek; did not survive World War II. [3]
Chaim KorenfeldMay 15, 1923August 13, 200279PolishJewishApril 28, 1943 [3] [4]
Chaim Powroznik [4] 1911unknownPolishJewishTestimony available. [14] [lower-alpha 2]
Chaim LeistBet. 1906 & 1911Oct 2005PolishJewishApril 23, 1943 [3]
Samuel Lerer [3] [4] October 1, 1922March 3, 201693PolishJewishMay 1942Identified gas chamber executioner Hermann Erich Bauer after the war in Berlin, leading to his arrest.
Jehuda Lerner [3] [4] [6] July 22, 1926200781 yearsPolishJewishSeptember 1943He and Red Army P.O.W. Arkady Moishejwicz Wajspapir killed two guards, SS-Oberscharführer Siegfried Graetschus and Volksdeutscher Ivan Klatt, with axe blows during the revolt. Joined the Parczew partisans.
Ada Lichtman January 1, 19151993PolishJewishJune 1943Joined the Parczew partisans. Witness at the Eichmann trial. [3] [4]
Jitschak LichtmanDecember 10, 1908199283 or 84PolishJewishMay 15, 1942Joined the Parczew partisans. Married Ada Lichtman (Fischer). [3] [4]
Yefim LitwinowskiSovietJewishSeptember 22, 1943Red Army soldier. [3]
Abraham MarguliesJanuary 25, 1921198462 or 63PolishJewishlate May 1942Joined the Parczew partisans. [3]
Chaskiel MencheJanuary 7, 1910198473 or 74PolishJewishJune 1942 [3]
Mojzesz MerensteinJanuary 15, 1899December 198586PolishJewish [4]
Zelda MetzMay 1, 1925198054 or 55PolishJewishDecember 20, 1942Pretended to be Catholic upon escape. [3]
Alexander "Sasha" Pechersky [3] [4] February 22, 1909January 19, 199080UkrainianJewishSeptember 22, 1943Chief organizer and leader of the revolt. Red Army soldier who joined the Parczew partisans.
Nachum Platnitzky1913unknownBelorussianJewishSurname also listed as Plotnikow; living in Pinsk, Belarus after the war. [4]
Shlomo Podchlebnik [3] February 15, 1907February 197366PolishJewishApril 28, 1943He and Josef Kopp escaped by killing a Ukrainian guard on July 27, 1943 while on duties outside of the camp in the nearby village of Zlobek.
Gertrud Poppert–SchönbornJune 29, 1914c. Nov 30, 194329GermanJewishGertrud "Luka" Poppert–Schönborn never seen following mass escape. [4] [15] [16]
Esther Terner Raab [3] [4] [17] June 11, 1922April 13, 201592PolishJewishDecember 20, 1942Née Terner, she became known as Esther Raab after her 1946 marriage to Irving Raab. She identified gas chamber executioner Erich Bauer after the war in Berlin, leading to his arrest.
Simjon Rosenfeld1922Alive96SovietJewishSeptember 22, 1943Israel [3] [4]
Ajzik Rotenberg [3] 1925199469PolishJewishMay 12, 1943Joined the Parczew partisans. Murdered in 1994 in Israel by two Palestinian terrorists.
Joseph Serchuk 1919November 6, 199374PolishJewishSurname also spelled Serczuk.
David Serchuk1948PolishJewishSurname also spelled Serczuk.
Alexander Shubayev1945BelorussianJewishRed Army soldier. Killed deputy commandant Johann Niemann with an axe to his head. Joined the Parczew partisans; killed. Surname also spelled Szubajew. [3] [18]
Ursula Stern [3] August 28, 1926198558 or 59GermanJewishApril 9, 1943Joined the Parczew partisans. Witness at Hagen trial. Changed her name to Ilana Safran after the war.
Stanisław Szmajzner March 13, 1927March 3, 198961PolishJewishMay 12, 1942Joined the Parczew partisans. [3] [4]
Boris Tabarinsky1917UnknownBelorussianJewishSeptember 22, 1943 [3] [4]
Kurt Ticho Thomas [3] [4] April 11, 1914June 8, 200995CzechJewishNovember 6, 1942After the war, he brought charges against SS officers Hubert Gomerski and Johann Klier.
Israel (Shrulke) TragerMarch 5, 1906August 1, 196963PolishJewishMar 1943 [3]
Aleksej WaizenMay 30, 1922January 14, 201592UkrainianJewishautumn 1943 [19] [3]
Arkady Moishejwicz Wajspapir [3] [6] [18] [20] 1921January 11, 2018RussianJewishSeptember 22, 1943He and Jehuda Lerner killed two guards with axe blows, SS-Oberscharführer Siegfried Graetschus and Volksdeutscher Ivan Klatt, during the revolt. A Red Army soldier, he joined the Parczew partisans.[ citation needed ]
Abraham Wang [3] January 2, 1921197857PolishJewishApr 23, 1943Escaped on Jul 27, 1943, along with four other prisoners.
Hella WeissNovember 25, 1925December 198863PolishJewishDecember 20, 1942Joined the Parczew partisans; later joined the Red Army. [3] [4]
Kalmen WewerikJune 25, 1906UnknownPolishJewishNovember 1942Joined partisans after the revolt. [3]
Regina ZielinskySeptember 2, 1924September 2014PolishJewishDecember 20, 1942 [3]
Meier ZissNovember 15, 19272003PolishJewishMay 1942 [3] [4]

Survivors among those selected at Sobibór for forced labour in other camps

Selections sometimes took place at the point of departure, often well before people were forced to board the trains, but there are also reports of selections from trains already en route to the camps. In his June 20, 1942 report, Revier-Leutnant der Schutzpolizei Josef Frischmann, in charge of the guard unit on the train, wrote that "51 Jews capable of work" were removed from the transport at Lublin station. The train had departed Vienna on June 14, 1942, ostensibly for Izbica, but the remaining 949 people on board were delivered to their final destination in Sobibór. [10] [lower-alpha 3]

The precise number of those spared upon arrival in the Sobibor extermination camp is unknown, but there were occasional selections there, for forced labour in other camps and factories, amounting to a total of several thousand people. Many of those selected subsequently perished due to harsh conditions in the slave-labour details. A number of them were murdered after internal selections following transfers to Majdanek and Auschwitz, where people were also routinely murdered by hanging or shooting for arbitrary offences. Thousands of Jews initially selected for slave-labour were among those killed in the Lublin district during Aktion Erntefest and many were shot or succumbed on the death marches in the closing stages of the Nazi regime. However, some of the people selected at Sobibor ultimately survived beyond the total defeat and unconditional surrender of the Nazis in May 1945. [10]

<i>Aktion Erntefest</i>

The Aktion Erntefest was a World War II mass shooting action carried out by the SS, the Order police, and the Ukrainian Sonderdienst formations in the General Government territory of occupied Poland. The operation aimed at extermination of Jews pressed into forced-labour at the camps of the Lublin reservation including Majdanek concentration camp and all its subcamps. It was closely linked with the liquidation of the ghetto in Lublin. Aktion Erntefest took place on November 3 and 4, 1943. On the orders of Christian Wirth and Jakob Sporrenberg, approximately 42,000–43,000 Polish Jews were killed simultaneously. Virtually the entire Jewish workforce was eliminated, thus concluding Operation Reinhard.

Death marches (Holocaust)

Death marches refers to the forcible movements of prisoners of Nazi Germany between Nazi camps during World War II. They occurred at various points during the Holocaust, including 1939 in the Lublin province of Poland, in 1942 in Reichskommissariat Ukraine and across the General Government, and between Autumn 1944 and late April 1945 near the Soviet front, from the Nazi concentration camps and prisoner of war camps situated in the new Reichsgaue, to camps inside Germany proper, away from reach of the Allied forces. The purpose was to remove evidence of crimes against humanity committed inside the camps and to prevent the liberation of German-held prisoners of war.

On August 17, 1943, a survivor from Sabinov in Slovakia, who has remained anonymous, wrote a report in which he described his selection in Sobibór, together with approximately 100 men and 50 women, upon arrival. For slave-labour in the drainage works in the vicinity of Sobibor they were taken to Krychów. He had arrived following the violent clearance, of deported Slovakian Jews and the few remaining Polish Jews, from the Rejowiec ghetto on August 9, 1942. He described that a few additional skilled workers, technicians, blacksmiths and watchmakers were separated upon arrival in Sobibor, as well. He further wrote that fire was visible in the night sky in the vicinity of Sobibor, and that the stench of burning hair permeated the air. [10] [lower-alpha 4]

Sabinov Town in Slovakia

Sabinov is a small town located in the Prešov Region, approximately 20 km from Prešov and 55 km from Košice. The population of Sabinov is 12,717.

Krychów Village in Lublin, Poland

Krychówpronounced [ˈkrɨxuv] is a village neighbourhood in the administrative district of Gmina Hańsk, within Włodawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. In 1975–98 the settlement belonged administratively to Chełm Voivodeship.

Rejowiec, Lublin Voivodeship Town in Lublin, Poland

Rejowiecpronounced [rɛˈjɔvjɛt͡s] is a town in Chełm County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina called Gmina Rejowiec. It lies approximately 17 kilometres (11 mi) south-west of Chełm and 52 km (32 mi) east of the regional capital Lublin.

Approximately 1,000 people were selected from the 34,313 named deportees who had been deported from the Netherlands via Westerbork to Sobibor between March 2 and July 20, 1943. Only 16 of them, 13 women and three men, survived. [lower-alpha 5] From the group of approximately 30 women selected from the train which left Westerbork with 1,015 people on March 10, 1943, 13 survived the various camps. [lower-alpha 6] Although they were split up after arrival in Lublin and returned to the Netherlands via different camps and routes, this was the largest single group of survivors from any one of the 19 trains which departed the Netherlands. Upon arrival they were separated from the other deportees and shortly afterwards taken by train to Lublin, where they spent the next months in various work details divided over Majdanek and the Alter Flugplatz camp, on the site of an airfield. Eventually Eleven of the women were transferred to Milejów where they worked for a brief period in a Wehrmacht operated provisions factory, but were soon taken to Trawniki, with a larger group of men and women of mixed nationality, in the immediate aftermath of Aktion Erntefest in November 1943. Here their first assignment was assisting in body disposal and sorting the looted possessions of those murdered at the Trawniki camp. After body disposal had nearly been completed the remaining men were murdered, as well. Elias Isak Alex Cohen was the only survivor of the March 17, 1943 transport. He was taken to Majdanek with a group of approximately 35 people selected based on profession. His experiences include a period operating machinery in the ammunition factory in Skarżysko-Kamienna where the poisonous materials and lack of protections decimated the forced-labourers. Jozef Wins was the only one to return to the Netherlands from the May 11 transport. He was among a group of 80 men taken to Dorohucza. Jules Schelvis was the sole survivor of the 3,006 people on the deportation train of June 1, 1943, He too was taken to Dorohucza, with a group of 80 other men. From the remaining 14 trains people were also selected but no one survived the Holocaust. [2] [10] [23] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47]

Milejów, Lublin Voivodeship Village in Lublin, Poland

Milejów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Milejów, within Łęczna County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south of Łęczna and 25 km (16 mi) east of the regional capital Lublin. The parish church is the Church of Assumption of Blessed Virgin and St Anthony of Padua.

<i>Wehrmacht</i> unified armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945

The Wehrmacht was the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the Heer (army), the Kriegsmarine (navy) and the Luftwaffe. The designation "Wehrmacht" replaced the previously used term Reichswehr, and was the manifestation of the Nazi regime's efforts to rearm Germany to a greater extent than the Treaty of Versailles permitted.

Trawniki Village in Lublin, Poland

Trawniki is a village in Świdnik County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina called Gmina Trawniki. It lies approximately 24 kilometres (15 mi) south-east of Świdnik and 33 km (21 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin.

Aftermath

With few exceptions the survivors lost immediate family and relatives who were murdered in the camp. They returned to their native towns and countries to find little comfort. [48] [49] [50] Several of the survivors almost immediately gave statements about their experiences. They have written about their personal experiences and published researched monographs on the history of the camp. These statements and publications continue to be used in historical research and were used in court cases against perpetrators. The survivors themselves also testified at trials such as the Sobibor Trial in Hagen and participated in the prosecution in the capacity of Nebenkläger, co-claimant, under the German criminal law system. A right of which descendants of people murdered in Sobibór also availed themselves in the 2009 trial of Trawniki Wachmann Ivan Demjanjuk. [51]

Victims of Sobibór

In contrast to this short lists of survivors, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum states that at least 167,000 people were murdered in the Sobibór extermination camp. The Dutch Sobibor Foundation lists a calculated total of 170,165 people and cites the Höfle Telegram among its sources, while noting that other estimates range up to 300,000. For practical reasons it is not possible to list all the thousands of people murdered at the camp. The operatives of the Nazi regime not only robbed Jews of their earthly possessions and their lives but attempted to eradicate all traces of their existence as they engaged in the genocidal policies of the Final Solution. [1] [2]

Notes

  1. ↑ Ursula Stern, as cited in Jules Schelvis Vernietigingskamp Sobibor, page 337, statement November 8, 1965 (Hagen) StA.Do-XI'65-513, facsimile of the statement in NIOD 804, Inv. 18, p. 282ff. [11]
  2. ↑ The statement in French is available in PDF in NIOD Toegang 804, Inventaris 18, page 56ff. [11]
  3. ↑ A facsimile of Frischmann's Erfahrungsbericht can be found in NIOD Toegang 804, Inventaris 54, page 175. [21] A description of this transport, including a list of names of the deportees, can be found at Yad Vashem. [22]
  4. ↑ A German and English transcript of the statement is available in PDF in NIOD Toegang 804, Inventaris 54, page 148ff. [21]
  5. ↑ Including Selma Wijnberg and Ursula Stern, who remained in the camp until their successful escape during the revolt, there are 18 known survivors from the transports out of Westerbork to Sobibor who were alive after May 8, 1945: Elias Isak Alex Cohen, Judith Eliasar, Bertha Ensel, Celina Ensel, Sophia Huisman, Mirjam Penha née Blits, Cato Polak, Surry Polak, Suzanne Polak, Bertha van Praag, Debora van Praag, Jules Schelvis, Sophia Verduin, Jetje Veterman, Sientje Veterman and Jozef Wins. In early reports Jeannette de Vries née Blitz is included among the survivors, bringing the preliminary total to 19, a number repeated in some later publications. Jeannette de Vries-Blitz was not deported to Sobibor, however. She was deported to Auschwitz on May 19, 1944. From there her path through various camps paralleled that of Mirjam Penha-Blits and Judith Eliasar. They were liberated in the Neuengamme sub camp in Salzwedel. [10] [23] [24] [25]
  6. ↑ Among those who were selected at Sobibor from the March 30, 1943 transport, but perished before May 8, 1945 are: Henderiene den Arend-van der Reis, [26] Auguste Berliner, [27] Flora Blok, [28] Hilde Beate Blumendal, [29] Marga Cohen, [30] Sophia Cohen, [31] Hester Fresco, [32] Klaartje Gompertz, [33] Fanny Landesmann, [34] Naatje Roodveldt-Moffie, [35] Lotje Stad, [36] Judith Swaab, [37] Annie Troostwijk-Hijmans, [38] Lena Verduin, [39] and Charlotte Zeehandelaar-Andriesse. [40]

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References

  1. 1 2 Sobibor: Chronology at the USHMM
  2. 1 2 3 History Sobibor at the Dutch Sobibor Foundation.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Sobibor Interviews: Survivors of the revolt
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 TV film Escape from Sobibor (1987). [ dubious – discuss ]
  5. ↑ Rachel Brinbaum in the Holocaust Survivors and Victims of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
  6. 1 2 3 BBC History of World War II. Auschwitz; Inside the Nazi State. Part 4, Corruption.
  7. 1 2 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Selma Wijnberg
  8. 1 2 Ad van Liempt, Selma (2010)
  9. ↑ Catharina Gokkes in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Jules Schelvis, Vernietigingskamp Sobibor (5th Ed. 2004), pages 76, 237, 257, 260, 342
  11. 1 2 NIOD Toegang 804, Inventaris 18
  12. ↑ Miriam Novitch, Sobibor: Martyrdom and Revolt (Paperback 1980), pages 86, 88
  13. ↑ Loe de Jong, The Kingdom of the Netherlands During World War II , Part 8b, page 883
  14. ↑ From Chelm to Sobibor . . . statement by Chaim Powroznik, in Chelm on January 10, 1944, referenced by USHMM
  15. ↑ Gertrud Poppert, née Schönborn in the German Federal Archives Memorial Book
  16. ↑ Toivi Blatt interviews Sasha Pechersky about "Luka" in 1980; retrieved on 8 May 2009.
  17. ↑ Naedele, Walther F. (April 15, 2015). "Esther Raab, 92, Holocaust survivor". Philly.com. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
  18. 1 2 Arad, Yitzhak. Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps. Indiana University Press. 1987.
  19. ↑ Arthur Solomonov (2008-09-01). "Aleksej Waizen: I knew it every second that I could be killed (Алексей Вайцен: Каждую секунду я знал, что меня могут убить)". The New Times (Russia).
  20. ↑ "Arkady Wajspapir, key figure in Sobibor Uprising, dies at 96". JTA. January 12, 2018. Retrieved December 8, 2018.
  21. 1 2 NIOD Toegang 804, Inventaris 54
  22. ↑ Vienna to Sobibor train, June 14, 1942
  23. 1 2 Afwikkelingsbureau Concentratiekampen Sobibor (1946)
  24. ↑ Sobibor Interviews: Dutch Survivors.
  25. ↑ Memorial Center Camp Westerbork
  26. ↑ Henderiene den Arend-van der Reis in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  27. ↑ Auguste Berliner in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  28. ↑ Flora Blok in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  29. ↑ Hilde Beate Blumendal in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  30. ↑ Marga Cohen in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  31. ↑ Sophia Cohen in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  32. ↑ Hester Fresco in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  33. ↑ Klaartje Gompertz in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  34. ↑ Fanny Landesmann in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  35. ↑ Naatje Roodveldt-Moffie in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  36. ↑ Lotje Stad in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  37. ↑ Judith Swaab in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  38. ↑ Annie Troostwijk-Hijmans in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  39. ↑ Lena Verduin in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  40. ↑ Charlotte Zeehandelaar-Andriesse in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  41. ↑ Elia Aron Cohen, De Negentien Treinen naar Sobibor
  42. ↑ Thomas Blatt, The Forgotten Revolt
  43. ↑ Jules Schelvis, De Transportlijsten
  44. ↑ Jules Schelvis, Binnen de Poorten
  45. ↑ Mirjam Blits, Auschwitz 13917
  46. ↑ Dutch Red Cross Sobibor (1947) (PDF)
  47. ↑ Onderzoek - Vernietigingskamp Sobibor NIOD Toegang 804
  48. ↑ Elie Aron Cohen,Human Behaviour in the Concentration Camp
  49. ↑ Martin Bossenbroek, De Meelstreep (2001)
  50. ↑ The Long Shadow of Sobibor
  51. ↑ Nebenklage Sobibor
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