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Order of Assassins or simply Assassins were a Nizari Isma'ili mysterious sect of Shia Islam who lived in the mountains of Persia and in Syria between 1090 and 1275. During that time, they held a strict subterfuge policy throughout the Middle East through the covert murder of first Muslim and later Christian leaders who were considered enemies of their state. The modern term assassination is based on the tactics used by the Assassins.
Alamut is a ruined mountain fortress located in the Alamut region in the South Caspian province of Qazvin near the Masoudabad region in Iran, approximately 200 km (130 mi) from present-day Tehran.
Al-Adil I was the fourth Sultan of Egypt and Syria, and brother of Saladin, who founded both the Sultanate of Egypt, and the Ayyubid dynasty. he was known to the Crusaders as Saphadin, a name by which he is still known in the Western world. A gifted and effective administrator and organizer, Al-Adil provided crucial military and civilian support for the great campaigns of Saladin. He was also a capable general and strategist in his own right, and was instrumental in the transformation of the decayed Fatimad Caliphate of Cairo into the Ayyubid Sultanate of Egypt.
Shams ad-Dīn adh-Dhahabī, also known as Shams ad-Dīn Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn ʿUthmān ibn Qāymāẓ ibn ʿAbdillāh at-Turkumānī al-Fāriqī ad-Dimashqī was an Islamic historian and Hadith expert.
Al-Mu'ayyad fid-din Abu Nasr Hibat Allah b. Abi 'Imran Musa b. Da'ud ash-Shirazi was an 11th-century Isma'ili scholar, philosopher-poet, preacher and theologian of Persian origin. He served the Fatimid Caliph-Imām al-Mustansir Billah as a Da'i in varying capacities, eventually attaining the highest rank of Bab al-Abwab "The Gate of Gates" and Da'i al-du'at "Chief Missionary" in the Fatimid Da‘wah. In his theological and philosophical writings he brought the Isma'ili spiritual heritage to its pinnacle.
The Naqshbandi Golden Chain is a lineage of spiritual masters of the Naqshbandi Sufi order related to each other going back to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It is a chain in which each scholar was given ijazah or permission for dhikr of God by his own teacher or pir to transmit the knowledge he had received to the next generation of students in the traditional manner of Sufi transmission.
Rashid al-Din Sinan, also known as the Old Man of the Mountain, was a da'i (missionary) and a leader of the Syrian branch of the Nizari Isma'ili state, and a figure in the history of the Crusades.
The Taifa of Málaga was an Islamic Moorish taifa kingdom located in what is now southern Spain. It existed during four distinct time periods: from 1026 to 1057, 1073 to 1090, 1145 to 1153, and 1229 to 1239, when the polity was finally conquered by the Emirate of Granada.
Shihab al-Din may refer to:
Alamut is a region in Iran including western and eastern parts in the western edge of the Alborz (Elburz) range, between the dry and barren plain of Qazvin in the south and the densely forested slopes of the Mazandaran province in the north. Starting from Qazvin toward Alamut, passing through the first range of hills, curvatures, forms, are significant themes in nature's composition of this area. The famous Ismaili castle of Alamut and numerous others are in this area, which served as the heartland of the state founded by Hassan-i Sabbah.
The Nizari state was a Shia Nizari Ismaili state founded by Hassan-i Sabbah after he took control of the Alamut Castle in 1090 AD, which marked the beginning of an era of Ismailism known as the "Alamut period". Their people were also known as the Assassins or Hashashins.
By the late 11th century, the Shi'a sub-sect of Isma'ilism had found many adherents in Persia, although the region was ruled by the staunchly Sunni Seljuk Empire. The hostile milieu of the Abbasid–Seljuk order triggered a revolt by the persecuted Persian Isma'ilis under Hassan-i Sabbah based in the inaccessible Alamut Castle. Many similar strongholds were captured or built by the Ismai'ilis across Persia, effectively founding a state within the Seljuk territories.
Abu Ali Hasan, or Ali, surnamed Al-Hadi: علي الهادي بن نزار was born in Cairo in 470 AH/1076 CE. He is the 20th Ismaili Nizari imam. He was about 17 years old when Imam al-Mustansir died and 20 years old during the assumption of his Imamate in 490 AH/1097 CE. Henceforward, the seat of Ismaili Imamate was transferred from Egypt to Persia owing to the division among the Ismailis, where Hasan bin Sabbah had founded the Nizari Ismaili state.
References
- Baldwin, Marshall W., and Setton, Kenneth M. (1969), A History of the Crusades: Volume One, The First Hundred Years, Chapter IV: The Ismailites and the Assassins, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
- Lewis, Bernard (2003). The Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam. Perseus Books Group, London.