Liyan is an Elamite port on Persian Gulf (near modern-day Bushire, Iran), and first name of Kiririsha (at one stage became the most important goddess of Elam, ranked second only to her husband the god,) where she and Humban had a temple that was erected by Humban-Numena. There was later (ca. 1250 BC) a temple built to her at Chogha Zanbil. She was often called 'the Great', or 'the divine mother'. She seems to have been primarily worshipped in the south of Elam.
This article concerns the period 699 BC – 690 BC.
Elam was an ancient civilization centered in the far west and southwest of modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province as well as a small part of southern Iraq. The modern name Elam stems from the Sumerian transliteration elam(a), along with the later Akkadian elamtu, and the Elamite haltamti. Elamite states were among the leading political forces of the Ancient Near East. In classical literature, Elam was also known as Susiana, a name derived from its capital Susa.
Ashurbanipal, also spelled Assurbanipal, Asshurbanipal and Asurbanipal was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from the death of his father Esarhaddon in 668 BC to his own death in 631 BC. The fourth king of the Sargonid dynasty, Ashurbanipal is generally remembered as the last great king of Assyria.
Mushezib-Marduk, Chaldean prince chosen as King of Babylon after Nergal-ushezib.
Jabru was an Elamite god. According to Šurpu, Jabru's Akkadian counterpart was Anu.
Humban was the Elamite god associated with rulers and especially the concept of kittin or kiten. Inscriptions refer to him as rišar napappir or rišar napirra. He was also known as Huban elume, possibly "Humban the exalted."
Pinikir, also known as Pinigir, Pirengir or Pininkir, was an Elamite goddess. She was called kikki gilira, "mistress of heaven."
Nahundi or Nahhundi was the Elamite god of the sun. The etymology of his name isn't known, but it might be a cognate of a common Elamite word for "day, and perhaps even homophonous with it."
Inshushinak was one of the major gods of the Elamites and the protector deity of Susa. He was called rišar napappair, "greatest of gods" in some inscriptions.
Untash-Napirisha was king of Elam during the Middle Elamite period, circa 1300 BCE. He was the son of the previous Elamite king, Humban-Numena. He was named after Napirisha, an Elamite deity.
Der (Sumerian: ALUDi-e-ir, 𒌷𒂦𒀭𒆠 uruBAD3.ANki) was a Sumerian city-state at the site of modern Tell Aqar near al-Badra in Iraq's Wasit Governorate. It was east of the Tigris River on the border between Sumer and Elam. Its name was possibly Durum.
In Greek mythology, Gaia, also spelled Gaea, is the personification of the Earth and one of the Greek primordial deities. Gaia is the ancestral mother—sometimes parthenogenic—of all life. She is the mother of Uranus, from whose sexual union she bore the Titans, the Cyclopes, and the Giants; as well as of Pontus, from whose union she bore the primordial sea gods. Her equivalent in the Roman pantheon was Terra.
Appalaya was "the king of the Zari people". His name is known from texts which were discovered in the acropolis of Susa. These texts are attributed to the first quarter of the 6th century BC. This name is very similar to Aplāya, grandson of Marduk-apal-iddina II, king of Babylon who was deported from Elam by Humban-nikash II. It is, however, likely that his tribe was from an Aramaean or Chaldean origin, who were inhabitants of southwestern Khuzistan.
Humban-Numena was a king of Elam from the Igihalkid dynasty. He was a son and successor of King Attar-kittah, as it is attested in his inscriptions from temples in Liyan and in Susa. He is mentioned as the father of King Untash-Napirisha in a later inscription of King Shilhak-Inshushinak. According to a Neo-Babylonian copy of a letter from an Elamite king to the Babylonian court, he married a daughter of the Kassite king Kurigalzu or a daughter of his uncle, the Elamite king Pahir-ishshan.
Humban-haltash III or Umanaldash was the last major ruler of Elam. He belonged to the Humban-Tahrid, "Neo-Elamite", dynasty. He became king 650 BC. During his kingdom, the Assyrian people attacked Elam and occupied Madektu. This facilitated their way to the Karkheh river. In 647 BC, Susa fell in the Battle of Susa and Ashurbanipal captured Humban Haltash. Ashurbanipal wrote:
Susa, the great holy city, abode of their gods, seat of their mysteries, I conquered. I entered its palaces, I opened their treasuries where silver and gold, goods and wealth were amassed... I destroyed the ziggurat of Susa. I smashed its shining copper horns. I reduced the temples of Elam to naught; their gods and goddesses I scattered to the winds. The tombs of their ancient and recent kings I devastated, I exposed to the sun, and I carried away their bones toward the land of Ashur. I devastated the provinces of Elam and on their lands I sowed salt.
Ummanigash was briefly a ruler in the ancient kingdom of Elam, ruling after the beheading of his predecessor Teumman in 653. He ruled part of Elam while his brother, Tammaritu, ruled another. He is also referred to as Humban-nikash II and Khumban-nikash II.
Tammaritu II was the ruler of Elam from 652 until 650 or 649. After the brief reigns of Indabibi and Humban-haltash III, Tammaritu II was briefly restored to power in 648. Tammaritu II was the son of Tammaritu I and the successor of Ummanigash, his uncle.
Indabibi was a ruler of ancient Elam in 649 BCE and perhaps 648. He is sometimes referred to as Indabigash. He was the successor of Tammaritu II and the predecessor of Humban-Haltash III. Elam was located to the east of the more powerful Assyrian Empire, and the reign of Indabibi occurred during the reign of Assyrian king Ashurbanipal.
Napirisha was an Elamite deity from the region of Anshan, and was the main deity of the kingdom from at least the late 3rd millennium BCE. In Elamite, his name means "Great (-ša) God (napir)"; in cuneiform texts, the word is written using the ideogram GAL, which was without a correct interpretation for some time.
Simut or Šimut was an Elamite god. He was known as "god of Elam," berir napirra and silhak perir nappipir.
The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol II part 2, p. 405 ff; Vol I part 2, p. 663 ff.
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