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The subject of homosexuality and Judaism dates back to the Torah. The book of Vayikra (Leviticus) is traditionally regarded as classifying sexual intercourse between males as a to'eivah that can be subject to capital punishment by the currently non-existent Sanhedrin under halakha.
The role of women in Judaism is determined by the Hebrew Bible, the Oral Law, by custom, and by cultural factors. Although the Hebrew Bible and rabbinic literature mention various female role models, religious law treats women differently in various circumstances. According to a 2017 study by the Pew Research Center, women are slightly more likely to identify with Judaism. They account for 52% of the worldwide Jewish population.
A hazzan or chazzan is a Jewish musician or precentor trained in the vocal arts who leads the congregation in songful prayer. In English, this prayer leader is often referred to as a cantor, a term also used in Christianity.
Jewish Renewal is a Jewish religious movement originating in the 20th century that endeavors to reinvigorate modern Judaism with Kabbalistic, Hasidic, and musical practices. Specifically, it seeks to reintroduce the "ancient Judaic traditions of mysticism and meditation, gender equality and ecstatic prayer" to synagogue services. It is distinct from the baal teshuva movement of return to Orthodox Judaism.
Jewish feminism is a movement that seeks to make the religious, legal, and social status of Jewish women equal to that of Jewish men in Judaism. Feminist movements, with varying approaches and successes, have opened up within all major branches of the Jewish religion.
David Evan Markus is an American attorney, public officer, rabbi and spiritual director. He currently serves as Deputy Chief Counsel in the New York State Judiciary, Judicial Referee in New York Supreme Court, co-chair of ALEPH: Alliance for Jewish Renewal, and co-rabbi of Temple Beth-El of City Island. Markus formerly served as Special Counsel to the New York State Senate Majority. A leader of Jewish Renewal, Markus resides in Westchester County, New York. Markus should not be confused with David Oscar Markus, a criminal defense lawyer — also of Harvard Law School - or David Marcus, the son of Captain James Tiberius Kirk from the popular television series "Star Trek."
The first openly lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender clergy in Judaism were ordained as rabbis and/or cantors in the second half of the 20th century.
The Aleph Institute is an American non-profit organization affiliated with the Chabad-Lubavitch movement that provides support services to the approximately 85,000 Jews in the U.S. prison system and Jewish members of the U.S. military located in the United States and deployed abroad.
Tirzah Firestone is an American analytical psychotherapist, author, and Jewish Renewal rabbi. She is the founding rabbi of Congregation Nevei Kodesh, a Jewish Renewal synagogue in Boulder, Colorado, and is now Rabbi Emerita there. She was ordained by Rabbi Zalman Schachter-Shalomi in 1992 and is a leader in the international Jewish Renewal Movement.
Chaya Gusfield is an American, Northern California attorney, known for being one of the two first openly lesbian rabbis ordained by the Jewish Renewal movement. Gusfield and Rabbi Lori Klein were ordained at the same time in January 2006.
Elisa Klapheck is the first female rabbi to serve in the Netherlands, although she was born in Germany. She was also one of the organizers of Bet Debora Berlin, a conference of European women rabbis, cantors, scholars, and rabbinically-educated Jews in Berlin in 1999. She was ordained in 2004 by the Aleph Rabbinic Program, and in 2005 she became the rabbi of "Beit Ha'Chidush" in Amsterdam. In 2009 she returned to Germany and has since been the rabbi of the "Egalitarian Minyan" in the Jewish Community of Frankfurt am Main. She is a member of the General Conference of Rabbis of Germany (ARK) and an associate member of the Rabbinic Board of "Liberal Judaism" in London.
Helene Ferris is the first second-career female rabbi in Judaism.
Pamela Frydman is an American rabbi. She is the founding rabbi of Or Shalom Jewish Community, a San Francisco Jewish Renewal congregation.
This is a timeline of women hazzans worldwide.
This is a timeline of women rabbis:
Leah Novick is a Renewal rabbi and the second oldest woman rabbi in the United States. She lives in Carmel, California.
This is a timeline of women in religion. See also: Timeline of women in religion in the United States.
This is a timeline of LGBT Jewish history, which consists of events at the intersection of Judaism and queer people.
This is a timeline of notable moments in the history of women's ordination in the world's religious traditions. It is not an exhaustive list of all historic or contemporary ordinations of women.
References
- 1 2 3 "Lawyer Lori Klein - Santa Cruz Attorney". Avvo.com. 2013-09-17. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
- ↑ "Kehilla Community Synagogue - Spiritual Leadership". Kehillasynagogue.org. Archived from the original on 2010-11-15. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
- 1 2 3 "ALEPH News". Pardeslevavot.org. Retrieved 2012-03-13.
- 1 2 3 "Brief Biographies | Women of the Wall | נשות הכותל". Women of the Wall. Archived from the original on 2010-11-08. Retrieved 2012-03-13.
- ↑ "Lori Klein Attorney at Law - Lori Klein Attorney at Law Office Profile on". Martindale.com. 2010-08-10. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
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