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Polish uprisings | ||
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| Kingdom of Poland |   | |
| Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | ||
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Lubomirski's rebellion or Lubomirski's rokosz (Polish : rokosz Lubomirskiego), was a rebellion against Polish King John II Casimir that was initiated by Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski, a member of the Polish nobility.
From 1665 to 1666, Lubomirski's supporters paralyzed the proceedings of the Sejm. Lubomirski, with the support of part of the army and the conscripted pospolite ruszenie , defeated royal forces at the Battle of Matwy in 1666. The rebellion ended with the Agreement of Łęgonice, which forced the King to give up his planned reforms like the introduction of vivente rege royal elections. Lubomirski, now a broken man, died soon afterward.
The mid-17th century was one of the most tragic and difficult periods in the history of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The country was devastated by several wars, such as the Khmelnytsky Uprising and the Swedish invasion of Poland. Its international position was weakened, and the chaos was deepened by the ill-functioning system of nobles' democracy (see szlachta privileges, Golden Liberty). In 1652, a Lithuanian deputy, Wladyslaw Sicinski, for the first time in Polish history used the liberum veto in the Sejm to stop a bill that was about to be introduced. The country was riven by internal conflicts among the magnates, and its central institutions did not function.
King John II Casimir Vasa was aware of the condition of the Polish–Lithuania and initiated an attempt to reform its institutions. In 1658, he introduced a program of improvement of the government, which stipulated voting by majority, creating a government general tax system and other reforms. The Polish Senate tentatively agreed to the reforms, creating a special commission. The problem was the issue of royal elections in Poland since the King and his supporters wanted to introduce Vivente rege , but his opponents disagreed with that system.
The King and his wife, Marie Louise Gonzaga, began to look for supporters among the Polish nobility and magnates. Their opponents, acting on the initiative of the Habsburg envoy Franz Paul de Lisola, created their own camp, with such members as Greater Poland's Łukasz Opaliński and Jan Leszczyński, as well as Lesser Poland's Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski. As a result, all attempts at the reform were defeated.
During the 1661 Sejm, the King urged all envoys to support extra taxes, which were needed to carry out election reform and pay the unpaid soldiers of the army. In response, the magnates opposed royal proposal, and inspirated by Lubomirski, a confederation, the Holy Alliance, was created both in the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
Members of the confederation, which consisted mostly of unpaid soldiers, demanded their money. They were supported by some members of the nobility, who above all wanted to keep their ancient privileges, opposed any reforms and wanted to keep the so-called free royal election. Not all soldiers and nobility supported the rebellion, and those who remained loyal to the King, under Stefan Czarniecki, created their own confederation, the so-called Pious Alliance.
The 1662 Sejm opposed all attempts of reform of the government except to introduce extra tax for the army. The King, however, did not give up. Aware that Jerzy Lubomirski was the main source of his problems, he in 1664 accused Lubomirski of treason. A Sejm court found Lubomirski guilty, confiscated his properties, sentenced him to infamy and ordered to leave Poland. Lubomirski left for Habsburg-controlled Silesia, where he tried to organize an army with financial support of the Habsburgs to invade the Polish territories that were controlled by the Royal Army.
In 1665, Lubomirski announced a rokosz (rebellion), and his army entered the Commonwealth. On 13 July 1666, he faced the royal arm, led by the King himself. Lubomirski's forces were victorious. After the battle, elite regiments, consisting of best soldiers of the Polish Army were murdered by the rebels (altogether, the army lost almost 4,000 of its most experienced men). On 31 July, at the village of Legowice, both the King and Lubomirski signed an agreement. John II Casimir gave up his plans of a reform and declared amnesty for the rebels, and Lubomirski signed a letter of apology. In 1668, under pressure by the Sejm and the nobility and because of the sudden death of the Queen, the King abdicated.
Polish uprisings | ||
|---|---|---|
| Kingdom of Poland | | |
| Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | ||
| Partitions | ||
| Second Republic | ||
| World War II | ||
| Authority control: National |
|---|
Sigismund I the Old was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1506 until his death in 1548. Sigismund I was a member of the Jagiellonian dynasty, the son of Casimir IV and younger brother of Kings John I Albert and Alexander I Jagiellon. He was nicknamed "the Old" in later historiography to distinguish him from his son and successor, Sigismund II Augustus. Before ascending to the Polish and Lithuanian thrones, he was Duke of Głogów from 1499, Duke of Opava from 1501, and governor of Silesia from 1504 on behalf of his brother, King Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary.
Michael I was the ruler of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 29 September 1669 until his death in 1673.
Władysław IV Vasa or Ladislaus IV of Poland was King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania and claimant of the thrones of Sweden and Russia. Born into the House of Vasa as a prince of Poland and of Sweden, Władysław IV was the eldest son of Sigismund III Vasa and Sigismund's first wife, Anna of Austria.
The Bar Confederation was an association of Polish nobles (szlachta) formed at the fortress of Bar in Podolia, now part of Ukraine, in 1768 to defend the internal and external independence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against Russian political influence and against King Stanislaus II Augustus with Polish reformers, who were attempting to limit the power of the Commonwealth's wealthy magnates.
A rokosz originally was a gathering of all the Polish szlachta (nobility), not merely of deputies, for a sejm. The term was introduced to the Polish language from Hungary, where analogous gatherings took place at a field called Rákos. With time, "rokosz" came to signify an armed, semi-legal rebellion by the szlachta of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against the king, in the name of defending threatened liberties. The nobles who gathered for a rokosz formed a "confederation".
A konfederacja was an ad hoc association formed by Polish–Lithuanian szlachta (nobility), clergy, cities, or military forces in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth for the attainment of stated aims. A konfederacja often took the form of an armed rebellion aimed at redressing perceived abuses or trespasses of some authority. Such "confederations" acted in lieu of state authority or to force their demands upon that authority. They could be seen as a primary expression of direct democracy and right of revolution in the Commonwealth, and as a way for the nobles to act on their grievances and against the state's central authority.
Royal elections in Poland were the elections of individual kings, rather than dynasties, to the Polish throne. Based on traditions dating to the very beginning of the Polish statehood, strengthened during the Piast and Jagiellon dynasties, they reached their final form in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth period between 1572 and 1791. The "free election" was abolished by the Constitution of 3 May 1791, which established a constitutional-parliamentary monarchy.
Prince Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski was a Polish noble (szlachcic), magnate, politician and military commander, and Prince of the Holy Roman Empire. He was the initiator of the Lubomirski Rebellion of 1665–1666 against royal authority.
Prince Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski a.k.a. "Mirobulius Tassalinus" was a Polish noble, politician, patron of the arts and writer.
Hieronim Radziejowski was a Polish noble, politician, diplomat, scholar and a military commander. He was the governor of Sochaczew since 1643 and Vice-Chancellor of the Crown between 1650 and 1652. He also served as Marshal of the Sejm on November 13 – March 27, 1645 in Warsaw.
Zebrzydowski's rebellion, or the Sandomierz rebellion, was a rokosz in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against King Sigismund III Vasa. The rokosz, formed on 5 August 1606 by Mikołaj Zebrzydowski, Jan Szczęsny Herburt, Stanisław Stadnicki, Aleksander Józef Lisowski, and Janusz Radziwiłł in Stężyca and Lublin, was caused by the growing dissatisfaction with the King among the szlachta. In particular, the rebels disapproved of the King's efforts to limit the power of the nobles, his attempts to weaken the Sejm and to introduce a hereditary monarchy in place of the elective one. The rebellion (1606–1609) ended in the defeat of the rebels, but the szlachta, in return for their surrender, now controlled the monarchy in the Polish–Lithuanian political system.
Chicken War or Hen War is the colloquial name for a 1537 anti-royalist and anti-absolutist rokosz (rebellion) by the Polish nobility. The derisive name was coined by the magnates, who for the most part supported the King and claimed that the conflict's only effect was the near-extinction of the local chickens, which were eaten by the nobles gathered for the rokosz at Lwów, in Ruthenian Voivodeship. The magnates' choice of "kokosz"—meaning "an egg laying hen"—may have been inspired by a play on words between "kokosz" and the similar-sounding "rokosz". The Chicken War was the first rokosz of the nobility in Polish history.
Marie Louise Gonzaga was Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania by marriage to two kings of Poland and grand dukes of Lithuania, brothers Władysław IV and John II Casimir. Together with Bona Sforza (1494–1557), she is regarded as one of the most influential and powerful queen consorts of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
The 1632 free election in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth commenced between September 27 and November 8, 1632. It then extended to November 13, 1632. The election sejm elevated Władysław IV to the Polish throne. Władysław had won the support of most of the political factions; and in the absence of any other serious contenders, he was elected King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.
The early modern era of Polish history follows the late Middle Ages. Historians use the term early modern to refer to the period beginning in approximately 1500 AD and lasting until around 1800.
The history of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1648–1764) covers a period in the history of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, from the time their joint state became the theater of wars and invasions fought on a great scale in the middle of the 17th century, to the time just before the election of Stanisław August Poniatowski, the last king of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
The Jagiellonian dynasty, otherwise the Jagiellon dynasty, the House of Jagiellon, or simply the Jagiellons, was the name assumed by a cadet branch of the Lithuanian ducal dynasty of Gediminids upon reception by Jogaila, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, of baptism as Władysław in 1386, which paved the way to his ensuing marriage to the Queen Regnant Jadwiga of Poland, resulting in his ascension to the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland as Władysław II Jagiełło, and the effective promotion of his branch to a royal dynasty. The Jagiellons reigned in several European countries between the 14th and 16th centuries. Members of the dynasty were Kings of Poland (1386–1572), Grand Dukes of Lithuania, Kings of Hungary, and Kings of Bohemia and imperial electors (1471–1526).
The free election of 1587 was the third royal election to be held in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which took place after the death of King Stefan Batory. It began on June 30, 1587, when Election Sejm was summoned in the village of Wola near Warsaw, and ended on December 27 of the same year, when King Sigismund III was crowned in Kraków’s Wawel Cathedral.
The Agreement of Łęgonice, which was signed on 31 July 1666 in the village of Łęgonice, ended the so-called Lubomirski Rokosz, a rebellion against Polish King Jan II Kazimierz Vasa, initiated by a magnate and hetman, Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski. The rokosz was started in defence of the so-called Golden Liberty, as Lubomirski feared royal plans for strengthening the position of the king and introduction of the so-called vivente rege election.
The Battle of Mątwy was the biggest and bloodiest battle of the so-called Lubomirski Rokosz, a rebellion against Polish King John II Casimir, initiated by a magnate and hetman, Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski. It took place on 13 July 1666 in the village of Mątwy, and ended in rebel victory. The royal army of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth lost almost 4000 of its best and most experiences soldiers, who were murdered by Lubomirski's men. Rebel losses are estimated at 200.
