Related Research Articles
Freemasonry or Masonry refers to fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local guilds of stonemasons that, from the end of the 14th century, regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients. Modern Freemasonry broadly consists of two main recognition groups: Regular Freemasonry, which insists that a volume of scripture be open in a working lodge, that every member professes belief in a Supreme Being, that no women be admitted, and that the discussion of religion and politics do not take place within the lodge; and Continental Freemasonry, which consists of the jurisdictions that have removed some, or all, of these restrictions.
A secret society is an organization about which the activities, events, inner functioning, or membership are concealed. The society may or may not attempt to conceal its existence. The term usually excludes covert groups, such as intelligence agencies or guerrilla warfare insurgencies, that hide their activities and memberships but maintain a public presence.
Flappers were a subculture of young Western women prominent after the First World War and through the 1920s who wore short skirts, bobbed their hair, listened to jazz, and flaunted their disdain for prevailing codes of decent behavior. Flappers were seen as brash for wearing excessive makeup, drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes in public, driving automobiles, treating sex in a casual manner, and otherwise flouting social and sexual norms. As automobiles became more available, flappers gained freedom of movement and privacy.
The Roaring Twenties, sometimes stylized as Roaring '20s, refers to the 1920s decade in music and fashion, as it happened in Western society and Western culture. It was a period of economic prosperity with a distinctive cultural edge in the United States and Europe, particularly in major cities such as Berlin, Buenos Aires, Chicago, London, Los Angeles, Mexico City, New York City, Paris, and Sydney. In France, the decade was known as the années folles, emphasizing the era's social, artistic and cultural dynamism. Jazz blossomed, the flapper redefined the modern look for British and American women, and Art Deco peaked.
Marilynne Summers Robinson is an American novelist and essayist. Across her writing career, Robinson has received numerous awards, including the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 2005, National Humanities Medal in 2012, and the 2016 Library of Congress Prize for American Fiction. In 2016, Robinson was named in Time magazine's list of 100 most influential people. Robinson began teaching at the Iowa Writers' Workshop in 1991 and retired in the spring of 2016.
The Occidental Quarterly is an American magazine published by the Charles Martel Society. Its stated purpose is to defend "the cultural, ethnic, and racial interests of Western European peoples" and examine "contemporary political, social, and demographic trends that impact the posterity of Western Civilization".
David Hackett Fischer is University Professor of History Emeritus at Brandeis University. Fischer's major works have covered topics ranging from large macroeconomic and cultural trends to narrative histories of significant events to explorations of historiography.
Edward Perkins Channing was an American historian and an author of a monumental History of the United States in six volumes, for which he won the 1926 Pulitzer Prize for History. His thorough research in printed sources and judicious judgments made the book a standard reference for scholars for decades. Channing taught at Harvard 1883–1929 and trained many PhD's who became professors at major universities.
The Revenue Act of 1935, 49 Stat. 1014, raised federal income tax on higher income levels, by introducing the "Wealth Tax". It was a progressive tax that took up to 75 percent of the highest incomes. The Congress separately also passed new taxes that were regressive, especially the Social Security tax.
David Brody is an American historian, who is professor emeritus of history at the University of California-Davis.
This is a chronology of the formation of "regular" or "mainstream" Masonic Grand Lodges in North America, descending from the Premier Grand Lodge of England or its rival, the Antient Grand Lodge of England. A Grand Lodge is the governing body that supervises "Craft" Freemasonry in a particular jurisdiction or geographical area.
Alan Axelrod is an American author of history, business and management books. As of October 2018, he had written more than 150 books. Axelrod resides in Atlanta, Georgia.
Linda Gordon is an American feminist and historian. She lives in New York City and in Madison, Wisconsin. She won the Marfield Prize and the WILLA Literary Award in Historical Nonfiction for Dorothea Lange: A Life Beyond Limits, and the Antonovych Prize for Cossack Rebellions: Social Turmoil in the Sixteenth-Century Ukraine.
Bonnie G. Smith is an American feminist historian currently a part of the Board of Governors Distinguished History Professor at Rutgers University, New Brunswick.
Ellen Carol DuBois is a professor of history and gender studies. She has taught at the University at Buffalo and ended her career at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). DuBois retired from UCLA in 2017. She is known for her pioneering work in women's history and for her history books.
Elizabeth Hampsten is an American historian and author. She is currently the Chester Fritz Distinguished Professor of English, emeritus, at the University of North Dakota.
Nancy K. MacLean is an American historian. She is the William H. Chafe Professor of History and Public Policy at Duke University. MacLean's research focuses on race, gender, labor history and social movements in 20th-century U.S. history, with particular attention to the U.S. South.
The Fellowship Forum was an anti-Catholic publication that was mostly read by white, Protestant fraternalists. Historian Thomas R. Pegram has described the publication as a "Klan allied masonic journal". The link between Masons and the Klan was first announced in the Fellowship Forum. After the Klan hired the Southern Publicity Association to increase the organization's membership in the 1920s, Fellowship Forum readership increased—from 1,000 readers in 1921 to a circulation of over one million by 1927. The paper has been described as "an integral part of the resurgence of the KKK among white Americans in the 1920s."
Margaret Candee Jacob is an American historian of science and Distinguished Professor of Research at UCLA. She specializes in the history of science, knowledge, the Enlightenment and Freemasonry.
Freemasonry in the United States is the history of Freemasonry as it was introduced from Britain and continues as a major secret society to the present day. It is a fraternal order that brings men together to gain friendship and opportunity for advancement and community progress. It has been nonpolitical except for a period around 1820 when it came under heavy attack in the Northeast. That attack reduced membership, but it recovered and grew after 1850. Growth ended in the late 20th century, and membership has declined.
References
- ↑ "Lynn Dumenil | Occidental College | The Liberal Arts College in Los Angeles". www.oxy.edu. Retrieved 2017-06-30.
- ↑ "Lynn Dumenil | Authors | Macmillan". US Macmillan. Retrieved 2017-06-30.
- ↑ "Organization of American Historians: Lynn Dumenil". www.oah.org. Retrieved 2017-06-30.
- ↑ Sherrill, Rowland A. (1 March 1986). "Freemasonry and American Culture, 1880–1930 by Lynn Dumenil". Indiana Magazine of History. 82 (1): 119–120. ISSN 1942-9711 . Retrieved 29 June 2017.
- ↑ Rubin, Joan Shelley (April 1997). "LYNN DUMENIL. The Modern Temper: American Culture and Society in the 1920s" (PDF). American Historical Review: 550–551. doi:10.1086/ahr/102.2.550-a . Retrieved 29 June 2017.
- ↑ "THE MODERN TEMPER by Lynn Dumenil". Kirkus Reviews. April 15, 1995. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
- ↑ "Nonfiction Book Review: The Modern Temper: American Culture and Society in the 1920s by Lynn Dumenil". Publishers Weekly. July 3, 2000. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
- ↑ "An experts' history of Howard Zinn". Los Angeles Times. 2010-02-01. Retrieved 2020-03-07.
- ↑ Mays, Marian (February 23, 2017). "Nonfiction: Best-sellerdom, Science, Women Workers, Middle East Peace, Nature, Némirovsky | Xpress Reviews". Library Journal Reviews. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
