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Currently, the politics of Sudan takes place in the framework of a federal provisional government. Previously, a president was head of state, head of government, and commander-in-chief of the Sudanese Armed Forces in a de jure multi-party system. Legislative power was officially vested in both the government and in the two chambers, the National Assembly (lower) and the Council of States (higher), of the bicameral National Legislature. The judiciary is independent and obtained by the Constitutional Court. However, following a deadly civil war and the still ongoing genocide in Darfur, Sudan was widely recognized as a totalitarian state where all effective political power was held by President Omar al-Bashir and his National Congress Party (NCP). However, al-Bashir and the NCP were ousted in a military coup which occurred on April 11, 2019. The government of Sudan was then led by the Transitional Military Council or TMC. On 20 August 2019, the TMC dissolved giving its authority over to the Sovereignty Council of Sudan, who were planned to govern for 39 months until 2022, in the process of transitioning to democracy. However, the Sovereignty Council and the Sudanese government were dissolved in October 2021.
Malkat al-Dar Mohamed Abdullah, also spelled as Malikah ad-Dar, was a Sudanese literary writer, educator and women's rights activist. Her novel written in the 1950s, "Al-Faragh al-'arid", has been characterized as the first Sudanese novel in the style of social realism. Sudanese literary critic Lemya Shammat called her "a pioneer of the literary feminist renaissance and a woman of spirit and courage."
Fatima Ahmed Ibrahim, was a Sudanese writer, women's rights activist and socialist leader.
Lubna Ahmed al-Hussein is a Sudanese Muslim, media worker and activist who came to international attention in July 2009, when she was prosecuted for wearing trousers. Her case became a cause célèbre, with organisations such as the Arabic Network for Human Rights Information and Amnesty International issuing statements in support.
Dr. Pricilla Nanyang is a South Sudanese politician. She has served as deputy minister for gender, child and social welfare as well as minister without portfolio.
Human rights in South Sudan are a contentious issue, owing at least in part to the country's violent history.
The Sudanese Revolution was a major shift of political power in Sudan that started with street protests throughout Sudan on 19 December 2018 and continued with sustained civil disobedience for about eight months, during which the 2019 Sudanese coup d'état deposed President Omar al-Bashir on 11 April after thirty years in power, 3 June Khartoum massacre took place under the leadership of the Transitional Military Council (TMC) that replaced al-Bashir, and in July and August 2019 the TMC and the Forces of Freedom and Change alliance (FFC) signed a Political Agreement and a Draft Constitutional Declaration legally defining a planned 39-month phase of transitional state institutions and procedures to return Sudan to a civilian democracy.
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A series of political agreements among Sudanese political and military forces for a democratic transition in Sudan began in July 2019. Omar al-Bashir overthrew the democratically elected government of Sadiq al-Mahdi in 1989 and was himself overthrown in the 2019 Sudanese coup d'état, in which he was replaced by the Transitional Military Council (TMC) after months of sustained street protests. Following further protests and the 3 June Khartoum massacre, TMC and the Forces of Freedom and Change (FFC) alliance agreed on 5 July 2019 to a 39-month transition process to return to democracy, including the creation of executive, legislative and judicial institutions and procedures.
The Khartoum massacre investigation is an official investigation of the 3 June 2019 Khartoum massacre and other human rights violations of the Sudanese Revolution, mandated under Article 7.(16) of the Sudanese August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration, to cover "violations committed on 3 June 2019, and events and incidents where violations of the rights and dignity of civilian and military citizens were committed." The men-only investigation committee of the massacre, rapes and other human rights violations is headed by human rights lawyer Nabil Adib. The No to Oppression against Women Initiative protested against the men-only composition of the commission.
The 2019–2022 Sudanese protests were street protests in Sudan which began in mid-September 2019, during Sudan's transition to democracy, about issues which included the nomination of a new Chief Justice and Attorney General, the killing of civilians by the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), the toxic effects of cyanide and mercury from gold mining in Northern state and South Kordofan, opposition to a state governor in el-Gadarif and to show trials of Sudanese Professionals Association (SPA) coordinators, and advocating the dismissal of previous-government officials in Red Sea, White Nile, and South Darfur. The protests follow the Sudanese Revolution's street protests and civil disobedience of the early September 2019 transfer of executive power to the country's Sovereignty Council, civilian prime minister Abdalla Hamdok, and his cabinet of ministers. Hamdok described the 39-month transition period as defined by the aims of the revolution.
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Omar Ahmed Al-Qarai, best known as Omer al-Qarray, is a Sudanese journalist and was the director of the Curriculum Center who resigned after being at the centre of controversy because of the new Sudanese curriculum.
Siti Alnfor Ahmed Bakr, nicknamed Sitna, was a 24-year-old Sudanese nurse and women's human rights defender (WHRD) in Sudan. She was killed on 17 November 2021, during protests in Khartoum North against the coup d'état led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan. She was fatally shot by the security forces. Her face, depicted on black-and-white flags, became a symbol for the revolution.
Jarvis Yak was a Sudanese Governor Khartoum, a former minister, and administrator who worked in most of the northern states since the 1950s.
The Sudanese Journalists Syndicate (SJS) is a professional organisation for journalists in Sudan. The syndicate was re-established in August 2022 after more than three decades of absence. The last independent journalists' union was dissolved in 1989 when Omar al-Bashir came to power after a coup d'état.
The Central Reserve Forces (CRP), also known as Abu Tira due to the eagle on its logo, is a militarised police unit in Sudan known for committing atrocities during the War in Darfur and the Sudanese revolution. The CRP is sanctioned by the US for "serious human rights abuses".
References
- ↑ "مديحة عبدالله الآن رئيس تحرير صحيفة (الميدان) تقول أمثال السودانية تحاكم المرأة محاكمة ظالمة". سودارس. Retrieved 2019-01-08.
- ↑ "Sudanese communist party to re-issue Al-Midan newspaper". sudantribune.com. 2006-11-28. Retrieved 2022-05-30.
- ↑ "Journalist Madiha Abdalla convicted of defamation by Press and Publications Court – African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies" . Retrieved 2019-10-17.
- ↑ "ذاكرةٌ مُبلّلة". www.alayyam.info. Archived from the original on 2019-07-13. Retrieved 2019-01-08.
- ↑ "سودان تربيون". www.sudantribune.net. Retrieved 2019-01-08.
- ↑ "ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺗُﻐﺮِّﻡ صحيفة الميدان و (ﻣﺪﻳﺤﺔ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ) (10) ﻣلايين ﺟنيه". صحيفة التغيير السودانية , اخبار السودان (in Arabic). 2017-05-08. Retrieved 2019-03-06.