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The Afghan Constitution Commission was established October 5, 2002 as required by the Bonn Agreement, which stipulated that a new Afghan constitution be adopted by a loya jirga. The loya jirga was required to convene within eighteen months of the establishment of Afghan Transitional Administration, which was established by the Emergency Loya Jirga in June 2002. After some delay, the proposed Afghan Constitution was presented to President Hamid Karzai on November 3, 2003. A loya jirga began December 14, 2003 in Kabul and was endorsed January 4, 2004.
The 2004 Constitution of Afghanistan was the supreme law of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, which lasted from 2004 - 2021. It served as the legal framework between the Afghan government and the Afghan citizens. Although Afghanistan was made a state in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durrani, the earliest Afghan constitutional movement began during the reign of Emir Abdur Rahman Khan in the 1890s followed by the drafting in 1922 of a constitution. The 1964 Constitution of Afghanistan transformed Afghanistan into a modern democracy.
A 502-delegate loya jirga convened in Kabul, Afghanistan, on December 14, 2003, to consider the proposed Afghan Constitution. Originally planned to last ten days, the assembly did not endorse the charter until January 4, 2004. As has been generally the case with these assemblies, the endorsement came by way of consensus rather than a vote. Afghanistan's last constitution was drafted for the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan in November 1987.
Republican Party of Afghanistan is a political party in Afghanistan. When the party was founded in 1999, it declared the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as the programme of the party. Sebghatullah Sanjar was elected as the chairman of the party.
Dr. Massouda Jalal is the first woman in the history of Afghanistan who ran for the Office of the President of Afghanistan in 2002, and again in 2004. She holds the distinction of being the first woman to compete for presidency in Afghanistan, a highly conservative society where women's engagement in public life was considered improper, unacceptable, and previously banned. Dr. Jalal emerged as a leading voice of Afghan women in 2001 after her election as the Representative to the 2002 Loya Jirga. While serving her term, she became one of the frontrunners for the position of Interim President, opposite to ex-president Hamid Karzai.
A jirga is an assembly of leaders that makes decisions by consensus according to Pashtunwali, the Pashtun social code. It is conducted in order to settle disputes among the Pashtuns, but also by members of other ethnic groups who are influenced by them in present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan.
The Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan (TISA), also known as the Afghan Transitional Authority, was the name of a temporary administration of Afghanistan put in place by the loya jirga of June 2002. It succeeded the original Islamic State of Afghanistan and preceded the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004–2021).
Movements for Muslim women to seek roles in national leadership have increased rapidly. Greater opportunities for women in education have further encouraged their involvement in politics. The most prominent Muslim female leaders are former prime minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto, Indonesian President Megawati Sukarnoputri (2001–2004), former Turkish Prime Minister Tansu Ciller (1993–1995), former Senegalese Prime Minister Mame Madior Boye (2001–2002), Bangladeshi Prime Ministers Khaleda Zia and Sheikh Hasina Wajed, former Iranian Vice President Masoumeh Ebtekar (1997–2005), former Malian Prime Minister Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé (2011–2012), Kosovan President Atifete Jahjaga (2011–2016), former President of Mauritius Ameenah Gurib (2015–2018), and current President of Singapore Halimah Yacob.
Mohammad Gulab Mangal is an Afghan politician. Since October 2016, he has been serving as the senior adviser minister of borders and tribal affairs for the president of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. He is also actively involved in the tribal conflict resolutions. On 23 October 2016, he was appointed as the senior adviser for the minister of borders, tribal affairs, and provincial governor of Nangarhar province until he resigned in April 2018. From 22 April 2015 to 23 October 2016, based on the presidential decree, he was appointed as the acting minister of Ministry of Borders and Tribal Affairs. In 2002, he was elected as the Representative of Paktia Province for Emergency Loya Jirga. From 2002 to 2004, he was the Head of Constitution office for the south east region(Paktia, Paktika, Khost and Ghazni provinces and also Head of Constitution Loya Jirga election office for the South East Region. From 2004 to 2006, he served as Governor of Paktika province. From 2006 to 2008, he served as the Governor of Laghman province. From March 2008 to September 2012, he served as provincial governor of Helmand province.
Gen. Gharzai Khwakhuzhi, son of late ustad Mohammad Ibraheem Khwakhuzhi original resident of Kandahar born in Kabul on 29 May 1962 belongs to the Baloch ethnic group.
The Republic of Afghanistan was the first republic in Afghanistan. It is often called the Daoud Republic, as it was established in July 1973 after General Sardar Mohammed Daoud Khan deposed his cousin, King Mohammed Zahir Shah, in a coup d'état. General Daoud was known for his autocracy and attempts to modernize the country with help from both the Soviet Union and the United States, among others.
Hamida Barmaki was a renowned Afghan law professor and human rights activist. She was killed together with her family in a suicide attack.
An emergency loya jirga was held in Kabul, Afghanistan between 11 and 19 June 2002 to elect a transitional administration. The loya jirga was called for by the Bonn Agreement and Bush administration. The agreement was drawn up in December 2001 in Germany. Conducted under United Nations auspices, the talks at Bonn sought a solution to the problem of government in Afghanistan after the US ousted the Taliban government.
Afghan leaders who met at the December 2001 Bonn Conference which picked Hamid Karzai to lead the Afghan Transitional Authority also agreed that a Constitutional Loya Jirga should be convened to draft a new constitution.
Zalmai Rassoul is an Afghan politician who served as Foreign Minister of Afghanistan from January 2010 to October 2013. He previously served as National Security Advisor from June 2002 to January 2010. Through his various roles in Government, Rassoul played a key role in building the Afghan security architecture, uniting the international community in support of an Afghan-led and Afghan-owned peace process, strengthening regional cooperation and security through the establishment of the Regional Economic Cooperation Conference on Afghanistan and the Heart of Asia-Istanbul Process, and rebuilding vital industries. He stood as a candidate in the 2014 presidential election.
Shakila is a citizen of Afghanistan. The Bonn Conference that chose Hamid Karzai as the leader of the Afghan Transitional Administration charged him to appoint a Constitutional Loya Jirga. Karzai appointed Shakila one of 502 appointees. She sat on the first of the Loya Jirga's ten committees, chaired by Ustad Sayaf. She was a member of the Gender and Law Working Group as a representative of the Ministry of Women’s Affairs.
Sayed Ihsanuddin Taheri, or Sayed Ihsan Taheri, is an Afghan civil activist, politician and independent author, writer and blogger who was a 2012 World Vision International PeaceMaker Prize nominee. He is an official of the government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, who has held various positions since 2002.
Shuja ul-Mulk Jalala, also known as Ghulam Rasul, is a politician in Afghanistan. He is the governor of Kunar Province, appointed by President Hamid Karzai on July 15, 2013 after a suggestion by the Independent Directorate of Local Governance (IDLG).
Mohammad Farid Hamidi, born in 1967 in Nangarhar province of Afghanistan, is an Afghan lawyer, human rights activist, and was the Attorney General of Afghanistan from 2016 till 2021.
Faizullah Jalal was born in 22 May 1963 in Badakhshan, Afghanistan. He is a law and political science professor at Kabul University, one of the principle and oldest institutions of higher education in Afghanistan. He previously served as head the Department of Law and Political Science for 14 years, as the Vice-Chancellor of the Kabul University, and as Deputy Minister for Academic Affairs in the Ministry of Higher Education of Afghanistan. Professor Jalal has a bachelor's degree in Law and Political Science from Kabul University and a master's and Ph.D. in political science from the Tajik National University. He is the author of several published books and a variety of articles. His recent books include (1) Political Power and Nation-Building in Afghanistan, (2) The Face of International Terrorism, and (3) An Inquiry into Violence Against Women in Afghanistan.
References
- 1 2 3 "Female Ministers of the Republic of Afghanistan/De Afganistan Jamhuriat/Jamhuriat ye Afganistan/Afqanistan". Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership. 2011-09-22. Retrieved 2012-04-15.
2002-04 Minister of State and Presidential Advisor for Women's Affairs Dr. Mahboba Hoqooqmal She is a former Professor of Law at Kabul University. Also known as Mahboba Hoqumal, Mahbuba Hoquqmal or Mahbobeh Hoghogh-Mal, she was Vice-President of the Emergency Loya Jirga Commission 2002, whose task it was to convene the Loya Jirga.
- ↑ "Agreement on provisional arrangements in Afghanistan pending the re-establishment of permanent government institutions". United Nations. 2001-12-05. Archived from the original on 2011-11-30. Retrieved 2009-06-19.
- ↑ "Members of the afghan constitutional loya jirga". 2003-12-23. Archived from the original on 2011-05-08. Retrieved 2011-01-25.