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An analgesic drug, also called simply an analgesic, antalgic, pain reliever, or painkiller, is any member of the group of drugs used for pain management. Analgesics are conceptually distinct from anesthetics, which temporarily reduce, and in some instances eliminate, sensation, although analgesia and anesthesia are neurophysiologically overlapping and thus various drugs have both analgesic and anesthetic effects.
Hydrocodone, also known as dihydrocodeinone, is a semi-synthetic opioid used to treat pain and as a cough suppressant. It is taken by mouth. Typically it is dispensed as the combination acetaminophen/hydrocodone or ibuprofen/hydrocodone for pain severe enough to require an opioid and in combination with homatropine methylbromide to relieve cough. It is also available by itself in a long-acting form sold under the brand name Zohydro ER, among others, to treat severe pain of a prolonged duration. Hydrocodone is a controlled drug: in the United States a Schedule II Controlled Substance.
Ketoprofen is one of the propionic acid class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) with analgesic and antipyretic effects. It acts by inhibiting the body's production of prostaglandin.
Oxycodone, sold under the brand name Roxicodone and OxyContin among others, is a semi-synthetic opioid used medically for treatment of moderate to severe pain. It is highly addictive and is a commonly abused drug. It is usually taken by mouth, and is available in immediate-release and controlled-release formulations. Onset of pain relief typically begins within fifteen minutes and lasts for up to six hours with the immediate-release formulation. In the United Kingdom, it is available by injection. Combination products are also available with paracetamol (acetaminophen), ibuprofen, naloxone, naltrexone, and aspirin.
The University of Queensland is a public research university located primarily in Brisbane, the capital city of the Australian state of Queensland. Founded in 1909 by the Queensland parliament, UQ is one of the six sandstone universities, an informal designation of the oldest university in each state. UQ is also a founding member of edX, Australia's leading Group of Eight and the international research-intensive Association of Pacific Rim Universities.
Tramadol, sold under the brand name Ultram among others, is an opioid pain medication and a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) used to treat moderately severe pain. When taken by mouth in an immediate-release formulation, the onset of pain relief usually begins within an hour. It is also available by injection. It is available in combination with paracetamol (acetaminophen).
Captopril, sold under the brand name Capoten among others, is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used for the treatment of hypertension and some types of congestive heart failure. Captopril was the first oral ACE inhibitor found for the treatment of hypertension. It does not cause fatigue as associated with beta-blockers. Due to the adverse drug event of causing hyperkalemia, as seen with most ACE Inhibitors, the medication is usually paired with a diuretic.
Amlodipine, sold under the brand name Norvasc among others, is a calcium channel blocker medication used to treat high blood pressure, coronary artery disease (CAD) and variant angina. It is taken orally.
Dihydromorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid structurally related to and derived from morphine. The 7,8-double bond in morphine is reduced to a single bond to get dihydromorphine. Dihydromorphine is a moderately strong analgesic and is used clinically in the treatment of pain and also is an active metabolite of the analgesic opioid drug dihydrocodeine. Dihydromorphine occurs in trace quantities in assays of opium on occasion, as does dihydrocodeine, dihydrothebaine, tetrahydrothebaine, etc. The process for manufacturing dihydromorphine from morphine for pharmaceutical use was developed in Germany in the late 19th century, with the synthesis being published in 1900 and the drug introduced clinically as Paramorfan shortly thereafter. A high-yield synthesis from tetrahydrothebaine was later developed.
Dextromoramide is a powerful opioid analgesic approximately three times more potent than morphine but shorter acting. It is subject to drug prohibition regimes, both internationally through UN treaties and by the criminal law of individual nations, and is usually prescribed only in the Netherlands.
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An equianalgesic chart is a conversion chart that lists equivalent doses of analgesics. Equianalgesic charts are used for calculation of an equivalent dose between different analgesics. Tables of this general type are also available for NSAIDs, benzodiazepines, depressants, stimulants, anticholinergics and others.
Translational research is research aimed at translating (converting) results in basic research into results that directly benefit humans. The term is used in science and technology, especially in biology and medical science. As such, translational research forms a subset of applied research.
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EMA401 is a drug under development for the treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain. Trials were discontinued in 2015, with new trials scheduled to begin March, 2018. It was initially established as a potential drug option for patients suffering pain caused by postherpetic neuralgia. It may also be useful for treating various types of chronic neuropathic pain EMA401 has shown efficacy in preclinical models of shingles, diabetes, osteoarthritis, HIV and chemotherapy. EMA401 is a competitive antagonist of angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) being developed by the Australian biotechnology company Spinifex Pharmaceuticals. EMA401 target angiotensin II type 2 receptors, which may have importance for painful sensitisation.
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Paul Edward Rolan is an Australian physician, medical researcher, academic, and public health advocate. He specializes in the management of chronic pain and headache, and development of novel treatments.
References
- ↑ "Professor Maree Smith FTSE - School of Pharmacy - The University of Queensland, Australia". Uq.edu.au. Archived from the original on 24 July 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
- ↑ "University of Queensland Professor Maree Smith Awarded Prestigious Clunies Ross Award". The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 20 June 2016.
- ↑ "Prof. Maree Smith receives Life Sciences award - School of Pharmacy - The University of Queensland, Australia". Uq.edu.au. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
- ↑ "UQ pain drug inventor and $200m start-up win national awards - UQ News - The University of Queensland, Australia". Uq.edu.au. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
- ↑ "Prestigious award for UQ superstar scientist - UQ News - The University of Queensland, Australia". Uq.edu.au. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
- ↑ "Fellowship of the Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences" (PDF). Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences. October 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
- ↑ Shepherd, Andrew J.; Rice, Andrew SC.; Smith, Maree T. (1 December 2023). "Angiotensin II type 2 receptor signalling as a pain target: Bench, bedside and back-translation". Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 73: 102415. doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2023.102415 . ISSN 1471-4892. PMID 38041933.
- ↑ Imam, Mohammad Zafar; Ghassabian, Sussan; Kuo, Andy; Cai, Yunxin; Qin, Yajuan; Li, Tingyou; Smith, Maree T. (1 July 2023). "In Vitro Assessment of the Metabolic Stability of Two Novel Endomorphin-2 Analogs, CYX-5 and CYX-6, in Rat Liver Microsomes". European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. 48 (4): 463–466. doi:10.1007/s13318-023-00828-6. ISSN 2107-0180. PMID 37171777.
- ↑ Smith, Maree T. (November 2022). "Nonopioid analgesics discovery and the Valley of Death: EMA401 from concept to clinical trial". PAIN. 163 (S1): S15–S28. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002675. ISSN 0304-3959. PMC 10578428 . PMID 35984369.
- ↑ Smith, A. E.; Muralidharan, A.; Smith, M. T. (18 October 2022). "Prostate cancer induced bone pain: pathobiology, current treatments and pain responses from recent clinical trials". Discover Oncology. 13 (1): 108. doi:10.1007/s12672-022-00569-z. ISSN 2730-6011. PMC 9579264 . PMID 36258057.
- ↑ https://jpharmsci.org/article/S0022-3549(18)30629-4/abstract.
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