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The history of Botswana encompasses the region's ancient and tribal history,its colonisation as the Bechuanaland Protectorate,and the present-day Republic of Botswana. The first modern humans to inhabit Botswana were the San people,and agriculture first developed approximately 2,300 years ago. The first Bantu peoples arrived c. 200 CE,and the first Tswana people arrived about 200 years later. The Tswana people split into various tribes over the following thousand years as migrations within the region continued,culminating in the Difaqane in the late 18th century. European contact first occurred in 1816,which led to the Christianization of the region.
Botswana is a parliamentary republic in which the President of Botswana is both head of state and head of government. The nation's politics are based heavily on British parliamentary politics and on traditional Batswana chiefdom. The legislature is made up of the unicameral National Assembly and the advisory body of tribal chiefs,the Ntlo ya Dikgosi. The National Assembly chooses the president,but once in office the president has significant authority over the legislature with only limited separation of powers. The Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) rules as a dominant party;while elections are considered free and fair by observers,the BDP has controlled the National Assembly since independence. Political opposition often exists between factions in the BDP rather than through separate parties,though several opposition parties exist and regularly hold a small number of seats in the National Assembly.
The president of the Republic of Botswana is the head of state and the head of government of Botswana,as well as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces,according to the Constitution of Botswana. Sir Seretse Khama was the prime minister from 1965 to 1966,however he later became president of Botswana,and as of 2024 there have been no prime ministers since.
Festus Gontebanye Mogae is a Botswana politician and economist who served as the third President of Botswana from 1998 to 2008. He succeeded Quett Masire as President in 1998 and was re-elected in October 2004;after ten years in office. He stepped down in 2008 and was succeeded by Lieutenant General Seretse Khama Ian Khama.
The Botswana Democratic Party is the governing party in Botswana. Its chairman is the Vice-President of Botswana,Slumber Tsogwane,and its symbol is a lift jack. The party has ruled Botswana continuously since gaining independence from the United Kingdom in 1966. The BDP is sometimes classified as a paternalistic conservative party and is also a consultative member of the Socialist International since 2014,which is a group including many worldwide social-democratic parties.
Mompati Sebogodi Merafhe was a Botswana politician who was Vice-President of Botswana from 2008 to 2012. He was a retired Lieutenant-General and served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1994 to 2008.
Moutlakgola Palgrave Kediretswe Nwako was a former politician and diplomat in Botswana. Nwako served as the first foreign minister from 1966-1969. He was Speaker of the National Assembly of Botswana from 1989 to 1999.
Botswana–South Africa relations refers to the historical and current relationship of Botswana and South Africa. Botswana has a high commission in Pretoria,and South Africa has a high commission in Gaborone. Both countries are former British colonies and members of the African Union,the Commonwealth of Nations,and the Southern African Development Community (SADC).
Tshekedi Stanford Khama is a Botswana politician. He was MP for Serowe West from 2008 to 21 April 2023. He was automatically disqualified from the National Assembly after missing two consecutive sessions because of his self-imposed exile to South Africa.
Seretse Khama Ian Khama is a Botswana politician and former military officer who was the fourth President of the Republic of Botswana from 1 April 2008 to 1 April 2018. After serving as Commander of the Botswana Defence Force,he entered politics and was Vice-President of Botswana from 1998 to 2008,then succeeded Festus Mogae as President on 1 April 2008. He won a full term in the 2009 election and was re-elected in October 2014.
Ponatshego Honorius Kefaeng Kedikilwe is a Motswana politician who was Vice-President of Botswana from 2012 to 2014. A member of the ruling Botswana Democratic Party (BDP),he has also served as Minister of Minerals,Energy,and Water Resources since 2007.
The Botswana Movement for Democracy (BMD) is a political party in Botswana,founded in 2010 by MPs and other politicians who parted ways with the ruling Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) due to differences with Ian Khama,the leader of the BDP and the President of Botswana at the time.
Mokgweetsi Eric Keabetswe Masisi is a Botswana politician who is the fifth and current President of Botswana,serving since 2018. He served as the 8th Vice President of Botswana from 12 November 2014 to 1 April 2018. He was a Member of Parliament in the National Assembly for the Moshupa-Manyana constituency from 2009 to 2018.
Gladys Keitumetse Theresa Kokorwe is a Botswana politician who was the Speaker of the National Assembly from 2014 to 2019. She is a member of the Botswana Democratic Party (BDP).
Barbara Gemma Mogae is a Botswana public figure and politician who served as the third First Lady of Botswana from 1998 until 2008. She is the wife of former President Festus Mogae.
Slumber Tsogwane is the current Vice President of Botswana and also Member of Parliament for Boteti West. He is the longest serving Member of Parliament of the 12th Parliament of Botswana. He took office on 4 April 2018,succeeding Mokgweetsi Masisi. He is a member of the Botswana Democratic Party.
The 2024 Botswana general election must be held no later than 29 October 2024. It will determine the composition of the 13th Parliament of Botswana as well as local councils across the country. Up for election are 61 seats of the National Assembly as well as 609 local council seats,all elected through the first-past-the-post voting system.
Bathoen Seepapitso Gaseitsiwe also known as Bathoen II was a Motswana Kgosi,jurist and politician who served as Chief of the Bangwaketse from 1928 to 1969. He served as Chairman of the Botswana National Front (BNF) from 1966 to 1985,Leader of the Opposition from 1969 to 1984 and President of the Court of Appeal from 1985 until his death in 1990. He represented the Kanye South constituency in the National Assembly for three consecutive terms. As the leader of the BNF,the then second largest political party in the country,he was the main opponent of the Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) government,led by Seretse Khama and Quett Masire,during the first two decades of the African country's independence.
A by-election for the Botswana parliamentary constituency of Serowe West was held on 8 July 2023. The vacancy was caused by the expulsion on 21 April 2023 of the incumbent Member of Parliament (MP),Tshekedi Khama of the BPF,following his absence from the minimum required two consecutive meetings of the same session to trigger a by-election per the Standing Orders of the National Assembly.
The following lists events that happened during the 1990s in Botswana.
References
- 1 2 3 "Elders stress need for social dialogue". www.thetswanatimes.co.bw. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Celebrating our heroes and heroines: Dr. Margaret Nasha". Weekend Post. 25 September 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
- 1 2 "First women speaker for Botswana Parliament", SARDC, October 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
- 1 2 "Kokorwe is new Speaker" Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine , Daily News, 12 November 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
- 1 2 "Nasha quits BDP, joins UDC", Mmegi Online, 25 January 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
- ↑ "Mmegi Online :: Issues in education". Mmegi Online. 27 February 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
- 1 2 3 "Book Review: Nasha justifies Khama leadership style", Mmegi Online, 4 April 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
- 1 2 3 4 "Botswana Parliament’s Speaker a Well-Loved Woman", Inter Press Service, 11 March 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
- ↑ "History". www.parliament.gov.bw. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
- ↑ JOHANNES, RYDER GABATHUSE SIKI MOTSHWARI (19 May 2017). "Mmegi Online :: Khama's fall-out with Nasha". Mmegi Online. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
- ↑ "Nasha reveals all in serve/kiss-and-tell book", Sunday Standard, 24 March 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
- ↑ "BDP endorses Nasha for Speaker, Moatlhodi for deputy", Mmegi Online, 21 October 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
- ↑ "Botswana elects first female Speaker", The Nation (Kenya), 21 October 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
- ↑ "Khama speaks on Masisi, Tshekedi", Weekend Post, 8 December 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
- ↑ "Khama versus Nasha round 3", The Botswana Gazette, 1 May 2014.
- ↑ "Khama speaks on Masisi, Tshekedi", Weekend Post, 8 December 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
- ↑ "Khama loses Nasha battle", Weekend Post, 10 November 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2016.