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A pharmacist is a healthcare professional who specializes in the preparation, dispensing, and management of medications and who provides pharmaceutical advice and guidance. Pharmacists often serve as primary care providers in the community, and may offer other services such as health screenings and immunizations.
Pharmacy is the science and practice of discovering, producing, preparing, dispensing, reviewing and monitoring medications, aiming to ensure the safe, effective, and affordable use of medicines. It is a miscellaneous science as it links health sciences with pharmaceutical sciences and natural sciences. The professional practice is becoming more clinically oriented as most of the drugs are now manufactured by pharmaceutical industries. Based on the setting, pharmacy practice is either classified as community or institutional pharmacy. Providing direct patient care in the community of institutional pharmacies is considered clinical pharmacy.
Apothecary is an archaic English term for a medical professional who formulates and dispenses materia medica (medicine) to physicians, surgeons and patients. The modern terms 'pharmacist' and 'chemist' have taken over this role.
Ella Nora Phillips Stewart was an American pharmacist who was one of the first African American female pharmacists in the United States.
Johanna Maria Hedén, née Bowall was a Swedish midwife, Feldsher, apothecary, and barber. She is the first known licensed female feldsher in Sweden and as such the first known formally educated and trained female surgeon in Sweden.
The history of pharmacy in the United States is the story of a melting pot of new pharmaceutical ideas and innovations drawn from advancements that Europeans shared, Native American medicine and newly discovered medicinal plants in the New World. American pharmacy grew from this fertile mixture, and has impacted U.S. history, and the global course of pharmacy.
Agnes Hildegard Arvidsson (1875–1962), was a Swedish pharmacist. She was the first Swedish pharmacist of her gender to have obtained a degree in pharmacology (1903). However, Märtha Leth did obtain a bachelor's degree in pharmacology in 1897, and by the time Arvidsson acquired her degree, there were already in fact 30 female pharmacists in Sweden.
Jean Kennedy Irvine was a pharmacist from Hawick, Scotland and the first woman president of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain.
Antoinette Wilhelmina Nording (1814-1887), was a Swedish entrepreneur. She founded the famous perfume company Antoinette W Nording, for a time the biggest perfume company in Sweden, in 1847. She can be regarded as the first female perfumer in Sweden, and as a female pioneer.
Elizabeth Gooking Greenleaf was the first female apothecary in the Thirteen Colonies. She is considered to be the first female pharmacist in the United States.
Elizabeth Marshall was an American entrepreneur who became the second female pharmacist in the United States.
Mary Munson Runge was the first female, the first African American, and the first employee community pharmacist to be elected president of the American Pharmacists Association (APhA).
Margaret Elizabeth Buchanan was a British pharmacist and pioneer of women in pharmacy.
Women have served widely as pharmacists. However, as with women in many jobs, women in pharmacy have been restricted. For example, only in 1964 was the American Civil Rights Act of 1964 enacted, which outlawed refusing to hire women because of their sex including though not limited to in the profession of pharmacist. Even today, not all countries ensure equal employment opportunities for women.
Christina Fris (1757–1835), was a Swedish industrialist and merchant. After the death of her husband in 1808, she became the owner of his merchant company, as well as one of the biggest tobacco factories in Sweden.
Märtha Leth (1877–1953) was a Swedish pharmacist and the first woman in Sweden to graduate as a pharmacist, which she did from the Pharmaceutic Institute in Stockholm in 1897.
Birgitta Ingvaldsdotter was a Swedish merchant who through marriage, inheritance and enterprise become significantly wealthy. She was the only child and heiress of the rich Stockholm merchant Ingvald Torstensson and Anna Jakobsdotter.
María Griselda Hinojosa Flores was a Chilean pharmacist. She became the first woman to practice pharmacy in the country after earning a degree from the University of Chile in 1899.
Signe Linderoth-Andersson (1909-2000) was a Swedish politician.
References
- ↑ Levertin Alfred, Schimmelpfennig Carl Fredrik Vilhelm, Ahlberg Karl, red (1910-1918). Sveriges apotekarhistoria från konung Gustaf I:s till närvarande tid. Bd 1, Stockholms stad, Stockholms län, Uppsala län, Södermanlands län, Östergötlands län, Jönköpings län, Kronobergs län. Stockholm: Ernst Westerbergs boktr.