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The origin of the Mapuche has been a matter of research for over a century. The genetics of the Mapuche do not show overly clear affinities with any other known indigenous group in the Americas, and the same goes for linguistics, where the Mapuche language is considered a language isolate. Archaeological evidence shows Mapuche culture has existed in Chile at least since 600 to 500 BC. Mapuches are late arrivals in their southernmost and easternmost (Pampas) areas of settlement, yet Mapuche history in the north towards Atacama Desert may be older than historic settlement suggest. The Mapuche has received significant influence from Pre-Incan (Tiwanaku?), Incan and Spanish peoples, but deep origins of the Mapuche predates these contacts. Contact and conflict with the Spanish Empire are thought by scholars such as Tom Dillehay and José Bengoa to have had a profound impact on the shaping of the Mapuche ethnicity.
The coastal migration hypothesis is one of two leading hypotheses about the settlement of the Americas at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum. It proposes one or more migration routes involving watercraft, via the Kurile island chain, along the coast of Beringia and the archipelagos off the Alaskan-British Columbian coast, continuing down the coast to Central and South America. The alternative is the hypothesis solely by interior routes, which assumes migration along an ice-free corridor between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets during the Last Glacial Maximum.
References
- ↑ "UNIVERSIDAD-AUSTRAL-INICIA-EXCAVACIONES-IMPORTANTE-ESTUDIO-PALEONTOLOGICO". Universia (in Portuguese). 22 October 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
- ↑ Wilford, John Noble (25 August 1998). "Chilean Field Yields New Clues to Peopling of Americas". New York Times. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ↑ "CHILEAN SITE VERIFIED AS EARLIEST HABITATION OF AMERICAS; FINDINGS SHOW MONTE VERDE DATES BACK 12,500 YEARS". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ↑ Pino, Mario; Navarro, Rayen X. (2005). "Geoarchaeology of the archaic site Chan-Chan 18, coast of Valdivia: environmental discrimination of human occupation and its relation with the middle Holocene marine transgression". Andean Geology . 32 (1). doi:10.5027/andgeoV32n1-a05 (inactive 1 November 2024).
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) - ↑ Pino; et al. (2012). "The late Pleistocene Pilauco site, Osorno, south-central Chile". Quaternary International . 299: 3–12. Bibcode:2013QuInt.299....3P. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.05.001. hdl: 10533/131324 .
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