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Marxism–Leninism is a communist ideology that became the largest faction of the communist movement in the world in the years following the October Revolution. It was the predominant ideology of most communist governments throughout the 20th century. It was developed in Russia by Joseph Stalin and drew on elements of Bolshevism, orthodox Marxism, and Leninism. It was the state ideology of the Soviet Union, Soviet satellite states in the Eastern Bloc, and various countries in the Non-Aligned Movement and Third World during the Cold War, as well as the Communist International after Bolshevization.
Operation Barbarossa was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and many of its Axis allies, starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II. It was the largest and costliest land offensive in human history, with around 10 million combatants taking part, and over 8 million casualties by the end of the operation.
Stalinism is the totalitarian means of governing and Marxist–Leninist policies implemented in the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1927 to 1953 by dictator Joseph Stalin and in Soviet satellite states between 1944 and 1953. Stalin had previously made a career as a gangster and robber, working to fund revolutionary activities, before eventually becoming General Secretary of the Soviet Union. Stalinism included the creation of a one man totalitarian police state, rapid industrialization, the theory of socialism in one country, forced collectivization of agriculture, intensification of class conflict, a cult of personality, and subordination of the interests of foreign communist parties to those of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, which Stalinism deemed the leading vanguard party of communist revolution at the time. After Stalin's death and the Khrushchev Thaw, a period of de-Stalinization began in the 1950s and 1960s, which caused the influence of Stalin's ideology to begin to wane in the USSR.
Andrey Andreyevich Vlasov was a Soviet Red Army general and political and military collaborator with Nazi Germany. During the Axis-Soviet campaigns of World War II he fought (1941–1942) against the Wehrmacht in the Battle of Moscow and later was captured attempting to lift the siege of Leningrad. After his capture he defected to Germany and nominally headed the Russian Liberation Army. Initially this army existed only on paper and was used by Germans to goad Red Army troops to surrender, while any political and military activities were officially forbidden to him by the Nazis after his visits to the occupied territory; only in November 1944 did Heinrich Himmler, aware of Germany's shortage of manpower, arrange for Vlasov to form a real collaborationist army formed from Soviet prisoners of war as armed forces of Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia, a political organisation headed by Vlasov. While for the Nazis the ROA was a mere propaganda weapon, Vlasov and his associates attempted to create a political movement independent of the Nazi control that would present a democratic anti-Stalinist program while attempting to avoid Nazi antisemitism and chauvinism, with "completing the Revolution" of 1917 being the ultimate goal of the movement. In January 1945, Vlasov headed the army as it was declared that it would be no longer a part of Wehrmacht. At the war's end, the 1st division of ROA aided the May 1945 Prague uprising against the Germans. Vlasov and the ROA then tried to escape to the Western Front, but were captured by Soviet forces with the United States' assistance. Vlasov was tortured, tried for treason, and hanged.
Icebreaker: Who Started the Second World War? is a military history book by the Russian non-fiction author Viktor Suvorov, published in 1989. Suvorov argued that Joseph Stalin planned a conquest of Europe for many years, and was preparing to launch a surprise attack on Nazi Germany at the end of summer of 1941 to begin that plan. He says that Operation Barbarossa was a pre-emptive strike by Adolf Hitler, a claim which the Nazi leader himself had made at the time. Since the 1990s and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, this theory has received some support among historians in some post-Soviet and Central European states, but some Western scholars have criticized his conclusions for lack of evidence and documentation.
Throughout the history of the Soviet Union, tens of millions of people suffered political repression, which was an instrument of the state since the October Revolution. It culminated during the Stalin era, then declined, but it continued to exist during the "Khrushchev Thaw", followed by increased persecution of Soviet dissidents during the Brezhnev era, and it did not cease to exist until late in Mikhail Gorbachev's rule when it was ended in keeping with his policies of glasnost and perestroika.
Wartime collaboration is cooperation with the enemy against one's country of citizenship in wartime. As historian Gerhard Hirschfeld says, it "is as old as war and the occupation of foreign territory".
During World War II, Soviet prisoners of war (POWs) held by Nazi Germany and primarily in the custody of the German Army were starved and subjected to deadly conditions. Of nearly six million who were captured, around three million died during their imprisonment.
Sheila Mary Fitzpatrick is an Australian historian, whose main subjects are history of the Soviet Union and history of modern Russia, especially the Stalin era and the Great Purges, of which she proposes a "history from below", and is part of the "revisionist school" of Communist historiography. She has also critically reviewed the concept of totalitarianism and highlighted the differences between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in debates about comparison of Nazism and Stalinism.
After the Munich Agreement, the Soviet Union pursued a rapprochement with Nazi Germany. On 23 August 1939 the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with Germany. Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939, starting World War II. The Soviets invaded eastern Poland on 17 September. Following the Winter War with Finland, the Soviets were ceded territories by Finland. This was followed by annexations of the Baltic states and parts of Romania.
The Soviet offensive plans controversy was a debate among historians in the late 20th and early 21st centuries as to whether Joseph Stalin had planned to launch an attack against Nazi Germany in the summer of 1941. The controversy began with Soviet defector Viktor Suvorov with his 1988 book Icebreaker: Who started the Second World War? In it, he claimed that Stalin used Nazi Germany as a proxy to attack Europe.
A large number of Soviet citizens of various ethnicities collaborated with Nazi Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the number of Soviet collaborators with the Nazi German military was around 1 million.
Various historians and other authors have carried out a comparison of Nazism and Stalinism, with particular consideration to the similarities and differences between the two ideologies and political systems, the relationship between the two regimes, and why both came to prominence simultaneously. During the 20th century, comparisons of Nazism and Stalinism were made on totalitarianism, ideology, and personality cult. Both regimes were seen in contrast to the liberal democratic Western world, emphasising the similarities between the two.
The Holocaust in the Soviet Union was the genocide of at least 2 million Soviet Jews by Nazi Germany, Romania, and local collaborators during the German-Soviet War, part of the wider Holocaust and World War II. It may also refer to the Holocaust in the Baltic states, recently annexed by the Soviet Union before the start of Operation Barbarossa, as well as other groups murdered in the invasion.
The anti-Stalinist left is a term that refers to various kinds of Marxist political movements that oppose Joseph Stalin, Stalinism, Neo-Stalinism and the system of governance that Stalin implemented as leader of the Soviet Union between 1924 and 1953. This term also refers to the high ranking political figures and governmental programs that opposed Joseph Stalin and his form of communism, such as Leon Trotsky and other traditional Marxists within the Left Opposition. In Western historiography, Stalin is considered one of the worst and most notorious figures in modern history.
From the beginning of the Second World War, the Soviet policy—intended to discourage defection—advertised that any soldier who had fallen into enemy hands, or simply encircled without capture, was guilty of high treason and subject to execution, confiscation of property, and reprisal against their families. Issued in August 1941, Order No. 270 classified all commanders and political officers who surrendered as culpable deserters to be summarily executed and their families arrested. Sometimes Red Army soldiers were told that the families of defectors would be shot; although thousands were arrested, it is unknown if any such executions were carried out. As the war continued, Soviet leaders realized that most Soviet citizens had not voluntarily collaborated. In November 1944, the State Defense Committee decided that freed prisoners of war would be returned to the army while those who served in German military units or police would be handed over to the NKVD. At the Yalta Conference, the Western Allies agreed to repatriate Soviet citizens regardless of their wishes. The Soviet regime set up many NKVD filtration camps, hospitals, and recuperation centers for freed prisoners of war, where most stayed for an average of one or two months. These filtration camps were intended to separate out the minority of voluntary collaborators, but were not very effective.
This is a select bibliography of post-World War II English-language books and journal articles about Stalinism and the Stalinist era of Soviet history. Book entries have references to journal reviews about them when helpful and available. Additional bibliographies can be found in many of the book-length works listed below.
Below is a list of post World War II scholarly books and journal articles written in or translated into English about communism. Items on this list should be considered a non-exhaustive list of reliable sources related to the theory and practice of communism in its different forms.
This is a select bibliography of English language books and journal articles about the Soviet Union during the Second World War, the period leading up to the war, and the immediate aftermath. For works on Stalinism and the history of the Soviet Union during the Stalin era, please see Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union. Book entries may have references to reviews published in English language academic journals or major newspapers when these could be considered helpful.
Keine Kameraden. Die Wehrmacht und die sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen, 1941–1945 is a book by German historian Christian Streit first published in 1978. Streit concluded that of 5.7 million Red Army soldiers taken captive by Nazi Germany, 3.3 million died of "ideologically motivated mishandling"—findings which caused a sensation in Germany when first published. It was the first major study on the topic and has been described as "landmark", a "major breakthrough", and by Mark Edele as "the gold standard against which later accounts have to be judged". In 1980, one reviewer wrote that the book "necessitates revision—more or less—to all previous books on the Russo-German war". The book had a major impact on the historiography of Nazi Germany and particularly the war crimes of the Wehrmacht, and was followed by other books exposing the ideological inclination and criminal behavior of the Wehrmacht.
References
- ↑ "Mark Edele". Mark Edele. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
- 1 2 Berkhoff, Karel C. (2018). "Stalin's Defectors: How Red Army Soldiers became Hitler's Collaborators, 1941–1945. By Mark Edele. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. xvi, 205 pp. Appendix. Notes. Bibliography. Index. Figures. Tables. $80.00, hard bound". Slavic Review. 77 (4): 1107–1108. doi:10.1017/slr.2018.341. S2CID 226954661.
- ↑ Moine, Nathalie (2009). "Soviet Veterans of the Second World WarMark EDELE: , Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2008, 336 p." Cahiers du monde russe. 50 (50/2–3). doi: 10.4000/monderusse.9769 .
- ↑ Thatcher, Ian D. (2010). "Soviet Veterans of the Second World War: A Popular Movement in An Authoritarian Society 1941–1991 – By Mark Edele: REVIEWS AND SHORT NOTICES". History. 95 (317): 140–141. doi:10.1111/j.1468-229X.2009.00476_47.x.
- ↑ "Mark Edele: Soviet Veterans of the Second World War. A popular Movement in an Authoritarian Society, 1941–1991 (reviewed by Carmen Scheide)".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ Behrends, Jan C. (2013). "Mark Edele. Soviet Veterans of the Second World War: A Popular Movement in an Authoritarian Society, 1941–1991. Oxford/New York, Oxford University Press, 2008, 334 p.". Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales. 68 (2): 612–613. doi:10.1017/S0395264900012853. S2CID 166741776.
- ↑ Smith, Mark B. (2011). "Review of Soviet Veterans of the Second World War: A Popular Movement in an Authoritarian Society, Edele, Mark". The Slavonic and East European Review. 89 (1): 174–176. doi:10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.89.1.0174. ISSN 0037-6795.
- ↑ King, Francis (2011). "Book Review: Mark Edele, Soviet Veterans of the Second World War: A Popular Movement in an Authoritarian Society 1941—1991, Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2008; x + 334 pp.; 9780199237562, £58.00 (hbk)". European History Quarterly. 41 (3): 521–522. doi:10.1177/02656914110410030413. S2CID 144811242.
- ↑ Main, Steven J. (2012). "Stalinist Society 1928–1953". Europe-Asia Studies. 64 (6): 1143–1144. doi:10.1080/09668136.2012.691384. S2CID 153384901.
- ↑ Waterlow, Jonathan (2012). "Stalinist Society, 1928–1953 - By Mark Edele: REVIEWS AND SHORT NOTICES". History. 97 (327): 525–528. doi:10.1111/j.1468-229X.2012.00561_31.x.
- ↑ Brandenberger, D. (2012). "Stalinist Society, 1928–1953, by Mark Edele". The English Historical Review. 127 (529): 1585–1587. doi:10.1093/ehr/ces264.
- ↑ Hoffmann, David L. (2012). "Stalinist Society, 1928–1953. By Mark Edele. Oxford Histories. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. x, 367 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index. Figures. Tables. $99.00, hard bound. $35.00, paper". Slavic Review. 71 (4): 946–947. doi:10.5612/slavicreview.71.4.0946. S2CID 164921879.
- ↑ Langerbein, Helmut (2019). "Stalin's Defectors: How Red Army Soldiers became Hitler's Collaborators, 1941–45Mark Edele". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 33 (1): 130–132. doi:10.1093/hgs/dcz015.
- ↑ "Stalin's Defectors by Mark Edele – from Red Army soldiers to Hitler's collaborators". the Guardian. 13 October 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
- ↑ Dale, R. (2018). "Review of Stalin's Defectors: How Red Army Soldiers became Hitler's Collaborators, 1941–1945, Edele, Mark". The Slavonic and East European Review. 96 (4): 793–795. doi:10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.96.4.0793. ISSN 0037-6795.
- ↑ Slepyan, Kenneth (2020). "Stalin's Defectors: How Red Army Soldiers Became Hitler's Collaborators, 1941–1945 . By Mark Edele.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. Pp. xiv+206. $81.00. Soviet Russians under Nazi Occupation: Fragile Loyalties in World War II . By Johannes Due Enstad. New Studies in European History. Edited by Peter Baldwin et al.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Pp. xviii+256. $99.00". The Journal of Modern History. 92 (2): 479–482. doi:10.1086/708598.
- ↑ Reese, Roger R. (2018). "Mark Edele. Stalin's Defectors: How Red Army Soldiers Became Hitler's Collaborators, 1941–1945". The American Historical Review. 123 (4): 1429–1430. doi:10.1093/ahr/rhy170.