Martin Hemings

Last updated
Martin Hemings
Bornc. 1755
Virginia Colony, Thirteen Colonies
Diedafter 1795
Occupation(s)butler, slave
Parent
RelativesSee Hemings family

Martin Hemings was an American man enslaved to Thomas Jefferson. [1] [2] He worked as Jefferson's butler at Monticello. [3] [4]

Contents

Family history and early life

Martin Hemings was born on a plantation called "The Forest" that belonged to John Wayles. He was the oldest male child of Elizabeth Hemings. The historical record does not name his father, but it was not John Wayles, [1] making him the half-brother of Sally Hemings and James Hemings.

When Martha Wayles Skelton married Thomas Jefferson, Hemings and many people in his family went with Skelton to Jefferson's house at Monticello. Martin Hemings was 17 or 18 years old. He later became the butler of Monticello and lived there for many years. [1] [5] When Thomas Jefferson became governor of Virginia and lived in houses in Richmond, Virginia and Williamsburg, Virginia, Martin Hemings went with him. [2]

Hemings' duties at Monticello may have included handling money and making purchases for the household. On one occasion, he was sent to retrieve an escaped slave. [6]

Personality

Thomas Jefferson said in his letters that Martin had a fiery temper. [1] Jefferson's granddaughters said he had a gloomy temper and became angry if anyone but Jefferson gave him orders. [4]

During the American Revolutionary War, the British army captured Monticello. Hemings hid the valuable silver tableware under the floorboards. Another enslaved man, Caesar, hid with them and was unable to leave for three days. [7] Martin did not tell the British soldiers, where the silver was, even though they beat him. [2]

Jefferson's granddaughters told historian Henry S. Randall the family story: A British officer pointed a gun at Martin Hemings and told Hemings to say which way Jefferson had gone. "Fire away, then," answered Hemings. [4] White historians during and shortly after the war took Martin Hemings' motivation to be loyalty to his master and his country. Twenty-first-century historian Annette Gordon-Reed writes that perhaps Hemings just did not like being told what to do. [1]

Later life

Jefferson was away from Monticello frequently, especially after the death of his wife. He lived in Paris for several years when he was the United States Ambassador to France. Whenever Jefferson was away from Monticello, the enslaved people in the Hemings family were allowed to come and go as they saw fit. The Hemings men lived almost like free men: they were able to find jobs where they wanted and keep all the money earned. [1]

When Jefferson returned from Paris, he wanted his butler, Martin Hemings, to stay at Monticello. But Hemings had been used to living his own life. He "ran away" from Monticello many times. Sometimes he stayed away for months, working another job somewhere else, always being captured and returned eventually. [1] [ failed verification ]

In 1792, Jefferson wrote that he and Hemings had a disagreement or fight, but did not mention what it was about. [2] He told one of his managers at Monticello that he and Hemings had agreed that Jefferson would sell Hemings to someone else. Hemings was 36 or 37 at the time. Jefferson told the manager that Hemings could choose the buyer. He said he did not care how much money he got for Hemings, so long as Hemings was gone. He also told the manager that he did not want to free Hemings, the way he would later free his half-brothers Robert and James later in their lives. [1] [2]

"Martin and myself disagreed when I was last in Virginia insomuch that he desired me to sell him, and I determined to do it, and most irrevocably that he shall serve me no longer. If you could find a master agreeable to him, I should be glad if you would settle that point at any price you please .... Perhaps Martin may undertake to find a purchaser. But I exclude all idea of his own responsibility: and I would wish that the transaction should be finished without delay, being desirous of avoiding all parley with him myself on the subject."

Thomas Jefferson's letters and writings never mention any sale, but do state that Hemings was still at Monticello in 1795. [2] Annette Gordon-Reed speculates in her book The Hemingses of Monticello that Hemings may have died of natural causes before Jefferson and Hemings could find a buyer. [1]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<i>The Hemingses of Monticello</i> 2008 book by Annette Gordon-Reed

The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family is a 2008 book by American historian Annette Gordon-Reed. It recounts the history of four generations of the African-American Hemings family, from their African and Virginia origins until the 1826 death of Thomas Jefferson, their master and the father of Sally Hemings' children.

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John Wayles was a colonial American planter, slave trader and lawyer in colonial Virginia. He is historically best known as the father-in-law of Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States. Wayles married three times, with these marriages producing eleven children; only five of them lived to adulthood. Through Betty Hemings, a woman he enslaved, Wayles fathered six additional children, including Sally Hemings, who was the mother of six children by Thomas Jefferson and half-sister of Martha Jefferson.

Burwell Colbert, also known as Burrell Colbert, was an enslaved African American at Monticello, the plantation estate of the third President of the United States, Thomas Jefferson. There he served an important role in the day-to-day operation and maintenance of the Jefferson estates, including Poplar Forest, as butler, personal valet, glazier, and painter. He was the son of Betty “Bett” Brown, the second child of Elizabeth “Betty” Hemings, the matriarch of the Hemings family in the United States. He was held in high esteem by President Jefferson as a "faithful servant" who was "absolutely excepted from the whip." When Jefferson died on the night of July 4, 1826, Colbert was counted among those at the bedside of the former president.

Ursula Granger Hughes (1787-?) was the first woman to have a child in the White House. She was one of 600 people Thomas Jefferson enslaved throughout his lifetime. Ursula spent most of her life on Jefferson's plantation, Monticello, in Charlottesville, Virginia. When she was fourteen, Jefferson ordered her to come to the White House to train under Honoré Julien to be the next head cook in Monticello. Her apprenticeship was short-lived due to her pregnancy with her first child.

The Hemings family lived in Virginia in the 1700s and 1800s. The family consisted of Elizabeth "Betty" Hemings and her children and other descendants. They were slaves with at least one ancestor who had lived in Africa and been brought over the Atlantic Ocean in the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. Some of them became free later in their lives. For part of their history, they were owned by the Eppes family, to the Wayles family, and to Thomas Jefferson. The Hemingses were the largest family to live at Jefferson's house, Monticello.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Annette Gordon-Reed (2008). The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family. New York: Norton.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Martin Hemings". Monticello. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
  3. ↑ Fraser Neiman; Leslie McFaden; Derek Wheeler (2000). Archaeological Investigation of the Elizabeth Hemings Site (44AB438) (PDF). Vol. 2. p. 8. Retrieved April 12, 2022.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  4. 1 2 3 Lucia C. Stanton (2012). "Those who Labor for My Happiness": Slavery at Thomas Jefferson's Monticello. University of Virginia Press. ISBN   9780813932231 . Retrieved April 14, 2022.
  5. ↑ Lucia Cinder Stanton. "Jefferson's "Family"". PBS . Retrieved September 18, 2021.
  6. ↑ Fawn M. Brodie (1974). Thomas Jefferson, An Intimate History. pp. 171, 199. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
  7. ↑ Thomas Jefferson. Memorandum Books, 1814. Founders Online. Retrieved September 18, 2021.

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